Weak Formulation : Weighted Average Methods

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Weighted average methods are also often called "Rayleigh-Ritz Methods". The idea is to satisfy the differential equation in an average sense by converting it into an integral equation. The differential equation is multiplied by a weighting function and then averaged over the domain.

If   is a weighting function then the weak form of Equation (1) is

 

The weighting function   can be any function of the independent variables that is sufficiently well-behaved that the integrals make sense.

Recall that we are looking for an approximate solution. Let us call this approximate solution  . If we plug the approximate solution into equation (5) we get

 

Since the solution is approximate, the original differential equation will not be satisfied exactly and we will be left with a residual  . Weighted average methods try to minimize the residual in a weighted average sense.

Finite element methods are a special type of weighted average method.

Examples of Weighted Average Methods

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Let us assume the trial solution for problem (6) to be

 

After applying the initial condition we get  , and the trial solution becomes

 

Let us simplify the trial solution further and consider only the first three terms, i.e.,

 

Plug in the trial solution (7) into (6). Then, the residual is

 

If  , then the trial solution is equal to the exact solution. If  , we can try to make the residual as close to zero as possible. This can be done by choosing   and   such that   is a minimum.

Minimizing R(t): Collocation Method

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In the collocation method, we minimize the residual by making it vanish at   points   within the domain.

For our problem, the domain of interest is  . Let us pick two points in this domain   and   such that   (see Figure 1). In this example we choose   and  .

 
Figure 1. Discretized domain for Problem 1.

The values of the residual (8) at   and   are

 

If we now impose the condition that the residual vanishes at these two points and solve the resulting equations, we get   and  . Therefore the approximate solution is

 

Figure 2 shows a comparison of this solution with the exact solution.

You can see that the collocation method gives a solution that is close to the exact up to  . However, the same results cannot be used up to   without re-evaluating the integrals.

If you think in terms of equation (6) you can see that a weighting function   was used to get to the solution. In fact, it is the choice of weighting function that determines whether a method is a collocation method! The weighting function in this case is

 

where   is a node and   is the Dirac delta function.

Minimizing R(t): Subdomain Method

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The subdomain method is another way of minimizing the residuals. In this case, instead of letting the residual vanish at unique points, we let the "average" of the residual vanish over each domain. That is, we let,

 

where   is the subdomain over which averaging is done. From this definition it is clear that the weighting function for the subdomain method is

 

Let us apply the subdomain method to Problem 1. We discretize the domain by choosing one point between   and   at  . For the two subdomains (elements) we have,

 

Setting these residuals to zero and solving for   and   we get   and  . Therefore the approximate solution is

 

Figure 2 shows a comparison of the exact solution and the subdomain and the collocation solutions.

 
Figure 2. Subdomain solution versus exact solution for Problem 1.

Minimizing R(t): Galerkin Method

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In this case, instead of writing our trial function as,

 

we write it as

 

where   are   linearly independent functions of  . These are called basis functions, interpolation functions, or shape functions. The first term   is left outside the sum because it is associated with part or all of the initial or boundary conditions (i.e., we put everything that can be fixed by initial or boundary conditions into  ).

Then the trial function in equation (7) can be rewritten using basis functions as

 

where

 
Important:
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In the Galerkin method we choose the basis functions   as the weighting functions.

If we use   as the weighting functions  , equation (6) becomes

 

Plugging in the value of   from equation (8) into equation (13) and using the basis functions from (12) we get

 

After integrating and solving for   and   we get   and  . Therefore, the Galerkin approximation we seek is

 

Figure 3 shows a comparison of the exact solution with the Galerkin, subdomain, and collocation solutions.

 
Figure 3. Galerkin solution versus exact solution for Problem 1.

All the approximate solutions diverge from the exact solution beyond  . The solution to this problem is to break up the domain into elements so that the trial solution is a good approximation to the exact solution in each element.

Minimizing R(t): Least Squares Method

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In the least-squares method, we try to minimize the residual in a least-squares sense, that is

 

where  . The weighting function for the least squares method is therefore

 

Plugging in the value of   from equation (8) into equation (15) and using the basis functions from (12) we get

 

After integrating and solving for   and   we get   and  . Therefore, the least squares approximation we seek is

 

Figure 4 shows a comparison of the exact solution with the Galerkin, subdomain, and collocation solutions.

 
Figure 4. Least squares solution versus other solutions for Problem 1.