The E:general transformation (Q1) of any quadratic form into itself can also be given using arbitrary parameters based on the w:Cayley transform (I -T )−1 ·(I +T ), where I is the w:identity matrix , T an arbitrary w:antisymmetric matrix , and by adding A as symmetric matrix defining the quadratic form (there is no primed A' because the coefficients are assumed to be the same on both sides):[ 1] [ 2]
q
=
x
T
⋅
A
⋅
x
=
q
′
=
x
′
T
⋅
A
⋅
x
′
x
=
(
I
−
T
⋅
A
)
−
1
⋅
(
I
+
T
⋅
A
)
⋅
x
′
or
x
=
A
−
1
⋅
(
A
−
T
)
⋅
(
A
+
T
)
−
1
⋅
A
⋅
x
′
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}q=\mathbf {x} ^{\mathrm {T} }\cdot \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} =q'=\mathbf {x} ^{\mathrm {\prime T} }\cdot \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} '\\\hline \\\mathbf {x} =(\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {T} \cdot \mathbf {A} )^{-1}\cdot (\mathbf {I} +\mathbf {T} \cdot \mathbf {A} )\cdot \mathbf {x} '\\{\text{or}}\\\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {A} ^{-1}\cdot (\mathbf {A} -\mathbf {T} )\cdot (\mathbf {A} +\mathbf {T} )^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} '\end{matrix}}}
(Q2
After Cayley (1846) introduced transformations related to sums of positive squares, Hermite (1853/54, 1854) derived transformations for arbitrary quadratic forms, whose result was reformulated in terms of matrices by Cayley (1855a, 1855b) . For instance, the choice A =diag(1,1,1) gives an orthogonal transformation which can be used to describe spatial rotations corresponding to the w:Euler-Rodrigues parameters [a,b,c,d] discovered by Euler (1771) and Rodrigues (1840) , which can be interpreted as the coefficients of w:quaternions . Setting d=1 , the equations have the form:
A
=
diag
(
1
,
1
,
1
)
,
T
=
|
0
a
−
b
−
a
0
c
b
−
c
0
|
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
+
x
2
2
=
x
0
′
2
+
x
1
′
2
+
x
2
′
2
x
′
=
1
κ
[
1
−
a
2
−
b
2
+
c
2
2
(
b
c
−
a
)
2
(
a
c
+
b
)
2
(
b
c
+
a
)
1
−
a
2
+
b
2
−
c
2
2
(
a
b
−
c
)
2
(
a
c
−
b
)
2
(
a
b
+
c
)
1
+
a
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
]
⋅
x
(
κ
=
1
+
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b\\-a&0&c\\b&-c&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}=x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\begin{matrix}1-a^{2}-b^{2}+c^{2}&2(bc-a)&2(ac+b)\\2(bc+a)&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}&2(ab-c)\\2(ac-b)&2(ab+c)&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left(\kappa =1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)\end{matrix}}}
(Q3
Also the Lorentz interval and the general Lorentz transformation in any dimension can be produced by the Cayley–Hermite formalism.[ R 1] [ R 2] [ 3] [ 4] E:most general Lorentz transformation (1a) with n =1 follows from (Q2
A
=
diag
(
−
1
,
1
)
,
T
=
|
0
a
−
a
0
|
−
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
=
−
x
0
′
2
+
x
1
′
2
x
′
=
1
1
−
a
2
[
1
+
a
2
−
2
a
−
2
a
1
+
a
2
]
⋅
x
⇒
−
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
=
−
x
0
′
2
+
x
1
′
2
x
0
=
x
0
′
1
+
β
0
2
1
−
β
0
2
+
x
1
′
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
=
x
0
′
(
1
+
β
0
2
)
+
x
1
′
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
x
1
=
x
0
′
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
+
x
1
′
1
+
β
0
2
1
−
β
0
2
=
x
0
′
2
β
0
+
x
1
′
(
1
+
β
0
2
)
1
−
β
0
2
x
0
′
=
x
0
1
+
β
0
2
1
−
β
0
2
−
x
1
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
=
x
0
(
1
+
β
0
2
)
−
x
1
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
x
1
′
=
−
x
0
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
+
x
1
1
+
β
0
2
1
−
β
0
2
=
−
x
0
2
β
0
+
x
1
(
1
+
β
0
2
)
1
−
β
0
2
|
2
β
0
1
+
β
0
2
=
β
1
+
β
0
2
1
−
β
0
2
=
γ
2
β
0
1
−
β
0
2
=
β
γ
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a\\-a&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{1-a^{2}}}\left[{\begin{matrix}1+a^{2}&-2a\\-2a&1+a^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \end{matrix}}\Rightarrow {\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \left.{\begin{aligned}x_{0}&=x_{0}^{\prime }{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}^{\prime }{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}^{\prime }\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)+x_{1}^{\prime }2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\x_{1}&=x_{0}^{\prime }{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}^{\prime }{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}^{\prime }2\beta _{0}+x_{1}^{\prime }\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\\\x_{0}^{\prime }&=x_{0}{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}-x_{1}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)-x_{1}2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\x_{1}^{\prime }&=-x_{0}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {-x_{0}2\beta _{0}+x_{1}\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}\right|{\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1+\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\beta \\{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\gamma \\{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\beta \gamma \end{aligned}}}\end{matrix}}}
(5a
This becomes E:Lorentz boost (4a) by setting
2
a
1
+
a
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2a}{1+a^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
2
β
0
1
+
β
0
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\beta _{0}}{1+\beta _{0}^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
w:Loedel diagrams , thus (5a
β
0
{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
Furthermore, Lorentz transformation E:(1a) ) with n =2 is given by:
A
=
diag
(
−
1
,
1
,
1
)
,
T
=
|
0
a
−
b
−
a
0
c
b
−
c
0
|
−
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
+
x
2
2
=
−
x
0
′
2
+
x
1
′
2
+
x
2
′
2
x
′
=
1
κ
[
1
+
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
−
2
(
b
c
−
a
)
−
2
(
a
c
+
b
)
2
(
b
c
+
a
)
1
+
a
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
2
(
a
b
−
c
)
2
(
a
c
−
b
)
−
2
(
a
b
−
c
)
1
−
a
2
+
b
2
−
c
2
]
⋅
x
(
κ
=
1
−
a
2
−
b
2
+
c
2
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b\\-a&0&c\\b&-c&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\begin{matrix}1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}&-2(bc-a)&-2(ac+b)\\2(bc+a)&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}&2(ab-c)\\2(ac-b)&-2(ab-c)&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left(\kappa =1-a^{2}-b^{2}+c^{2}\right)\end{matrix}}}
(5b
or using n =3:
A
=
diag
(
−
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
)
,
T
=
|
0
a
−
b
c
−
a
0
d
e
b
−
d
0
f
−
c
−
e
−
f
0
|
−
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
+
x
2
2
+
x
3
2
=
−
x
0
′
2
+
x
1
′
2
+
x
2
′
2
+
x
3
′
2
x
′
=
1
κ
[
1
+
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
2
(
−
b
d
+
a
+
e
c
+
p
f
)
2
(
−
a
d
−
b
+
f
c
−
p
e
)
2
(
p
d
+
f
b
−
e
a
+
c
)
d
2
+
e
2
+
f
2
+
p
2
1
+
a
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
2
(
−
d
−
a
b
+
p
c
−
f
e
)
2
(
f
d
+
p
b
+
c
a
−
e
)
2
(
b
d
+
a
−
e
c
+
p
f
)
−
d
2
−
e
2
+
f
2
+
p
2
1
−
a
2
+
b
2
−
c
2
2
(
−
e
d
−
c
b
+
p
a
−
f
)
2
(
a
d
−
b
−
f
c
−
p
e
)
2
(
d
−
a
b
−
p
c
−
f
e
)
−
d
2
+
e
2
−
f
2
+
p
2
1
−
a
2
−
b
2
+
−
c
2
2
(
p
d
−
f
b
+
e
a
+
c
)
2
(
f
d
−
p
b
+
c
a
+
e
)
2
(
−
e
d
−
c
b
−
p
a
+
f
)
+
d
2
−
e
2
−
f
2
+
p
2
]
⋅
x
(
κ
=
1
−
a
2
−
b
2
−
c
2
+
d
2
+
e
2
+
f
2
−
p
2
p
=
a
f
+
b
e
+
c
d
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b&c\\-a&0&d&e\\b&-d&0&f\\-c&-e&-f&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}+x_{3}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}&1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+&&2(-bd+a+ec+pf)&&2(-ad-b+fc-pe)&&2(pd+fb-ea+c)\\&\quad d^{2}+e^{2}+f^{2}+p^{2}&&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}&&2(-d-ab+pc-fe)&&2(fd+pb+ca-e)\\&2(bd+a-ec+pf)&&\quad -d^{2}-e^{2}+f^{2}+p^{2}&&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}&&2(-ed-cb+pa-f)\\&2(ad-b-fc-pe)&&2(d-ab-pc-fe)&&\quad -d^{2}+e^{2}-f^{2}+p^{2}&&1-a^{2}-b^{2}+-c^{2}\\&2(pd-fb+ea+c)&&2(fd-pb+ca+e)&&2(-ed-cb-pa+f)&&\quad +d^{2}-e^{2}-f^{2}+p^{2}\end{aligned}}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left({\begin{aligned}\kappa &=1-a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}+d^{2}+e^{2}+f^{2}-p^{2}\\p&=af+be+cd\end{aligned}}\right)\end{matrix}}}
(5c
The transformation of a binary quadratic form of which Lorentz transformation (5a Hermite (1854) , equations containing Lorentz transformations (5a 5b 5c Cayley (1855) , Lorentz transformation (5a Laguerre (1882) , Darboux (1887) , Smith (1900) in relation to Laguerre geometry, and Lorentz transformation (5b Bachmann (1869) . In relativity, equations similar to (5b 5c Borel (1913) to represent Lorentz transformations.
edit
Euler (1771) demonstrated the invariance of quadratic forms in terms of sum of squares under a linear substitution and its coefficients, now known as w:orthogonal transformation . The transformation in three dimensions was given as
X
2
+
Y
2
+
Z
2
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
X
=
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
z
Y
=
D
x
+
E
y
+
F
z
Z
=
G
x
+
H
y
+
I
z
|
1
=
A
A
+
D
D
+
G
G
1
=
B
B
+
E
E
+
H
H
1
=
C
C
+
F
F
+
I
I
0
=
A
B
+
D
E
+
G
H
0
=
A
G
+
D
F
+
G
I
0
=
B
C
+
E
F
+
H
I
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}X^{2}+Y^{2}+Z^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}\\\hline {\begin{aligned}X&=Ax+By+Cz\\Y&=Dx+Ey+Fz\\Z&=Gx+Hy+Iz\end{aligned}}{\begin{matrix}\left|{\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}1&=AA+DD+GG\\1&=BB+EE+HH\\1&=CC+FF+II\\0&=AB+DE+GH\\0&=AG+DF+GI\\0&=BC+EF+HI\end{aligned}}}\right.\end{matrix}}\end{matrix}}}
in which the coefficiens A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I were related by Euler to four arbitrary parameter p,q,r,s , which where rediscovered by w:Olinde Rodrigues (1840) who related them to rotation angles[ M 1] [ M 2]
A
=
p
p
+
q
q
−
r
r
−
s
s
u
B
=
2
p
q
+
2
p
s
u
C
=
2
q
s
−
2
p
r
u
D
=
2
q
r
−
2
p
s
u
E
=
p
p
−
q
q
+
r
r
−
s
s
u
F
=
2
p
q
+
2
r
s
u
G
=
2
q
s
+
2
p
r
u
H
=
2
r
s
−
2
p
q
u
I
=
p
p
−
q
q
−
r
r
+
s
s
u
(
u
=
p
p
+
q
q
+
r
r
+
s
s
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {pp+qq-rr-ss}{u}}&B&={\frac {2pq+2ps}{u}}&C&={\frac {2qs-2pr}{u}}\\D&={\frac {2qr-2ps}{u}}&E&={\frac {pp-qq+rr-ss}{u}}&F&={\frac {2pq+2rs}{u}}\\G&={\frac {2qs+2pr}{u}}&H&={\frac {2rs-2pq}{u}}&I&={\frac {pp-qq-rr+ss}{u}}\end{aligned}}\\(u=pp+qq+rr+ss)\end{matrix}}}
The Euler–Rodrigues parameters discovered by Euler (1871) and Rodrigues (1840) leaving invariant
x
0
2
+
x
1
2
+
x
2
2
{\displaystyle x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}}
x
0
2
+
⋯
+
x
n
2
{\displaystyle x_{0}^{2}+\dots +x_{n}^{2}}
w:Arthur Cayley (1846) as a byproduct of what is now called the w:Cayley transform using the method of skew–symmetric coefficients.[ M 3] Hermite (1853, 1854) . Hermite's formula was simplified and brought into matrix form equivalent to (Q2 [ M 4]
(
x
,
y
,
z
…
)
=
(
|
a
,
h
,
g
…
h
,
b
,
f
…
g
,
f
,
c
…
…
…
…
…
|
−
1
|
a
,
h
−
ν
,
g
+
μ
…
h
+
ν
,
b
,
f
−
λ
…
g
−
μ
,
f
+
λ
,
c
…
…
…
…
…
|
|
a
,
h
+
ν
,
g
−
μ
…
h
−
ν
,
b
,
f
+
λ
…
g
+
μ
,
f
−
λ
,
c
…
…
…
…
…
|
−
1
|
a
,
h
,
g
…
h
,
b
,
f
…
g
,
f
,
c
…
…
…
…
…
|
)
⌢
(
x
,
y
,
z
…
)
{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle (\mathrm {x,y,z} \dots )=\left(\left|{\begin{matrix}a,&h,&g&\dots \\h,&b,&f&\dots \\g,&f,&c&\dots \\\dots &\dots &\dots &\dots \end{matrix}}\right|^{-1}\left|{\begin{matrix}a,&h-\nu ,&g+\mu &\dots \\h+\nu ,&b,&f-\lambda &\dots \\g-\mu ,&f+\lambda ,&c&\dots \\\dots &\dots &\dots &\dots \end{matrix}}\right|\left|{\begin{matrix}a,&h+\nu ,&g-\mu &\dots \\h-\nu ,&b,&f+\lambda &\dots \\g+\mu ,&f-\lambda ,&c&\dots \\\dots &\dots &\dots &\dots \end{matrix}}\right|^{-1}\left|{\begin{matrix}a,&h,&g&\dots \\h,&b,&f&\dots \\g,&f,&c&\dots \\\dots &\dots &\dots &\dots \end{matrix}}\right|\right)\ ^{\frown }(x,y,z\dots )}}
which he abbreviated in 1858, where
Υ
{\displaystyle \Upsilon }
[ M 5] [ 5]
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
(
Ω
−
1
(
Ω
−
Υ
)
(
Ω
+
Υ
)
−
1
Ω
)
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
{\displaystyle (\mathrm {x,y,z} )=\left(\Omega ^{-1}(\Omega -\Upsilon )(\Omega +\Upsilon )^{-1}\Omega \right)(x,y,z)}
The Cayley–Hermite transformation becomes equivalent to the Lorentz transformation (
5a ) by setting Ω=diag(-1,1) and (
5b ) by setting Ω=diag(-1,1,1) and (
5c ) by setting Ω=diag(-1,1,1,1).
Using the parameters of (1855a), Cayley in a subsequent paper (1855b) particularly discussed several special cases, such as:[ M 6]
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
=
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
(
x
,
y
)
=
1
a
b
+
ν
2
⋅
[
a
b
−
ν
2
,
−
2
ν
b
2
ν
a
,
a
b
−
ν
2
]
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}a\mathrm {x} ^{2}+b\mathrm {y} ^{2}=ax^{2}+by^{2}\\\hline (\mathrm {x,y} )={\frac {1}{ab+\nu ^{2}}}\cdot \left[{\begin{matrix}ab-\nu ^{2},&-2\nu b\\2\nu a,&ab-\nu ^{2}\end{matrix}}\right](x,y)\end{matrix}}}
This becomes equivalent to the Lorentz transformation (
5a ) in 1+1 dimensions by setting
(a,b) =(-1,1) and Lorentz boost
E:(4a) by additionally setting
2
ν
1
+
ν
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\nu }{1+\nu ^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
.
or:[ M 7]
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
+
c
z
2
=
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
+
c
z
2
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
1
a
b
c
+
a
λ
2
+
b
μ
2
+
c
ν
2
×
[
a
b
c
+
a
λ
2
−
b
μ
2
−
c
ν
2
,
2
(
λ
μ
−
c
ν
)
b
2
(
ν
λ
+
b
μ
)
c
2
(
λ
μ
+
c
ν
)
a
,
a
b
c
−
a
λ
2
+
b
μ
2
−
c
ν
2
2
(
μ
ν
−
a
λ
)
c
2
(
ν
λ
−
b
μ
)
a
2
(
μ
ν
+
a
λ
)
b
a
b
c
−
a
λ
2
−
b
μ
2
−
c
ν
2
]
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}a\mathrm {x} ^{2}+b\mathrm {y} ^{2}+c\mathrm {z} ^{2}=ax^{2}+by^{2}+cz^{2}\\\hline (\mathrm {x,y,z} )={\frac {1}{abc+a\lambda ^{2}+b\mu ^{2}+c\nu ^{2}}}\times \left[{\begin{matrix}abc+a\lambda ^{2}-b\mu ^{2}-c\nu ^{2},&2(\lambda \mu -c\nu )b&2(\nu \lambda +b\mu )c\\2(\lambda \mu +c\nu )a,&abc-a\lambda ^{2}+b\mu ^{2}-c\nu ^{2}&2(\mu \nu -a\lambda )c\\2(\nu \lambda -b\mu )a&2(\mu \nu +a\lambda )b&abc-a\lambda ^{2}-b\mu ^{2}-c\nu ^{2}\end{matrix}}\right](x,y,z)\end{matrix}}}}
This becomes equivalent to the Lorentz transformation (
5b ) by setting
(a,b,c) =(-1,1,1).
or:[ M 8]
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
+
c
z
2
+
d
w
2
=
a
x
2
+
b
y
2
+
c
z
2
+
d
w
2
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
w
)
=
1
k
⋅
[
a
b
c
d
−
b
c
ρ
2
+
c
a
σ
2
+
a
b
τ
2
+
a
d
λ
2
2
b
(
−
c
d
ν
−
τ
ϕ
+
d
λ
μ
−
c
ρ
σ
)
,
−
b
d
μ
2
−
c
d
ν
2
−
ϕ
2
,
a
b
c
d
+
b
c
ρ
2
−
c
a
σ
2
+
a
b
τ
2
−
a
d
λ
2
2
a
(
c
d
ν
+
τ
ϕ
+
d
λ
μ
−
c
ρ
σ
)
,
+
b
d
μ
2
−
c
d
ν
2
−
ϕ
2
,
2
a
(
−
b
d
μ
−
σ
ϕ
+
d
λ
ν
−
b
ρ
τ
)
,
2
b
(
a
d
λ
+
ρ
ϕ
+
d
μ
ν
−
a
σ
τ
)
,
2
a
(
b
c
ρ
+
λ
ϕ
+
c
ν
σ
−
b
μ
τ
)
,
2
b
(
a
c
σ
+
μ
ϕ
−
c
ν
ρ
+
a
λ
τ
)
,
2
c
(
b
d
μ
+
σ
ϕ
+
d
λ
ν
−
b
ρ
τ
)
,
2
d
(
−
b
c
ρ
−
λ
ϕ
+
c
ν
σ
−
b
μ
τ
)
2
c
(
−
a
d
λ
−
ρ
ϕ
+
d
μ
ν
−
a
σ
τ
)
,
2
d
(
−
a
c
σ
−
μ
ϕ
−
c
ν
ρ
+
a
λ
τ
)
a
b
c
d
+
b
c
ρ
2
+
c
a
σ
2
−
a
b
τ
2
−
a
d
λ
2
2
d
(
−
a
b
τ
−
ν
ϕ
+
b
μ
ρ
−
a
λ
σ
)
−
b
d
μ
2
+
c
d
ν
2
−
ϕ
2
,
a
b
c
d
−
b
c
ρ
2
−
c
a
σ
2
−
a
b
τ
2
+
a
d
λ
2
2
c
(
a
b
τ
+
ν
ϕ
+
b
μ
ρ
−
a
λ
σ
)
,
+
b
d
μ
2
+
c
d
ν
2
−
ϕ
2
,
]
⋅
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
w
)
(
k
=
a
b
c
d
+
b
c
ρ
2
+
c
a
σ
2
+
a
b
τ
2
+
a
d
λ
2
+
b
d
μ
2
+
c
d
ν
2
+
ϕ
2
ϕ
=
λ
ρ
+
μ
σ
+
ν
τ
)
{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}a\mathrm {x} ^{2}+b\mathrm {y} ^{2}+c\mathrm {z} ^{2}+d\mathrm {w} ^{2}=ax^{2}+by^{2}+cz^{2}+dw^{2}\\\hline (\mathrm {x,y,z,w} )={\frac {1}{k}}\cdot \left[{\begin{aligned}&abcd-bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}&&2b\left(-cd\nu -\tau \phi +d\lambda \mu -c\rho \sigma \right),\\&\quad -bd\mu ^{2}-cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},&&abcd+bc\rho ^{2}-ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}-ad\lambda ^{2}\\&2a\left(cd\nu +\tau \phi +d\lambda \mu -c\rho \sigma \right),&&\quad +bd\mu ^{2}-cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},\\&2a\left(-bd\mu -\sigma \phi +d\lambda \nu -b\rho \tau \right),&&2b\left(ad\lambda +\rho \phi +d\mu \nu -a\sigma \tau \right),\\&2a\left(bc\rho +\lambda \phi +c\nu \sigma -b\mu \tau \right),&&2b\left(ac\sigma +\mu \phi -c\nu \rho +a\lambda \tau \right),\\\\&\quad 2c\left(bd\mu +\sigma \phi +d\lambda \nu -b\rho \tau \right),&&\quad 2d\left(-bc\rho -\lambda \phi +c\nu \sigma -b\mu \tau \right)\\&\quad 2c\left(-ad\lambda -\rho \phi +d\mu \nu -a\sigma \tau \right),&&\quad 2d\left(-ac\sigma -\mu \phi -c\nu \rho +a\lambda \tau \right)\\&\quad abcd+bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}-ab\tau ^{2}-ad\lambda ^{2}&&\quad 2d\left(-ab\tau -\nu \phi +b\mu \rho -a\lambda \sigma \right)\\&\quad \quad -bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},&&\quad abcd-bc\rho ^{2}-ca\sigma ^{2}-ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}\\&\quad 2c\left(ab\tau +\nu \phi +b\mu \rho -a\lambda \sigma \right),&&\quad \quad +bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},\end{aligned}}\right]\cdot (x,y,z,w)\\\left({\begin{aligned}k&=abcd+bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}+bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}+\phi ^{2}\\\phi &=\lambda \rho +\mu \sigma +\nu \tau \end{aligned}}\right)\end{matrix}}}}
This becomes equivalent to the Lorentz transformation (
5c ) by setting
(a,b,c,d) =(-1,1,1,1).
w:Charles Hermite (1853) extended the number theoretical work of E:Gauss (1801) and others (including himself) by additionally analyzing indefinite ternary quadratic forms that can be transformed into the Lorentz interval ±(x2 +y2 -z2 ) , and by using Cayley's (1846) method of skew–symmetric coefficients he derived transformations leaving invariant almost all types of ternary quadratic forms.[ M 9] n dimensions:[ M 10] [ 6]
f
(
X
1
,
X
2
,
…
)
=
f
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
…
)
X
r
=
2
ξ
r
−
x
r
=
ξ
r
−
1
2
∑
s
=
1
n
λ
r
,
s
d
f
d
ξ
s
(
λ
r
,
s
=
−
λ
s
,
r
,
λ
r
,
r
=
0
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}f\left(X_{1},X_{2},\dots \right)=f\left(x_{1},x_{2},\dots \right)\\\hline X_{r}=2\xi _{r}-x_{r}=\xi _{r}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{s=1}^{n}\lambda _{r,s}{\frac {df}{d\xi _{s}}}\\\left(\lambda _{r,s}=-\lambda _{s,r},\ \lambda _{r,r}=0\right)\end{matrix}}}
This result was subsequently expressed in matrix form by Cayley (1855) , while w:Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (1877) added some modifications in order to include some special cases of quadratic forms that cannot be dealt with by the Cayley–Hermite transformation.[ M 11] [ 7]
This is equivalent to equation (
Q2 ), and becomes the Lorentz transformation by setting the coefficients of the quadratic form
f to diag(-1,1,...1).
For instance, the special case of the transformation of a binary quadratic form into itself was given by Hermite as follows:[ M 12]
f
=
a
x
2
+
2
b
x
y
+
c
y
2
X
=
(
1
−
2
λ
b
+
λ
2
D
)
x
−
2
λ
c
y
1
−
λ
2
D
=
x
(
t
−
b
u
)
−
c
u
y
Y
=
2
λ
a
x
+
(
1
+
2
λ
b
+
λ
2
D
)
y
1
−
λ
2
D
=
x
a
u
+
(
t
+
b
u
)
y
(
b
2
−
a
c
=
D
,
t
=
1
+
λ
2
D
1
−
λ
2
D
,
u
=
2
λ
1
−
λ
2
D
,
t
2
−
D
u
2
=
1
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}f=ax^{2}+2bxy+cy^{2}\\\hline {\begin{aligned}X&={\frac {\left(1-2\lambda b+\lambda ^{2}D\right)x-2\lambda cy}{1-\lambda ^{2}D}}&&=x(t-bu)-cuy\\Y&={\frac {2\lambda ax+\left(1+2\lambda b+\lambda ^{2}D\right)y}{1-\lambda ^{2}D}}&&=xau+(t+bu)y\end{aligned}}\\\left(b^{2}-ac=D,\ t={\frac {1+\lambda ^{2}D}{1-\lambda ^{2}D}},\ u={\frac {2\lambda }{1-\lambda ^{2}D}},\ t^{2}-Du^{2}=1\right)\end{matrix}}}
This becomes equivalent to Lorentz boost (
5a ) by setting
(a,b,c) =(-1,0,1) and Lorentz boost of velocity by additionally setting
2
λ
1
+
λ
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\lambda }{1+\lambda ^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
which produces
t =γ and
u =βγ.
w:Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann (1869) adapted Hermite's (1853/54) transformation of ternary quadratic forms to the case of integer transformations. He particularly analyzed the Lorentz interval and its transformation, and also alluded to the analogue result of E:Gauss (1800) in terms of Cayley–Klein parameters , while Bachmann formulated his result in terms of the Cayley–Hermite transformation:[ M 13]
x
2
+
x
′
2
−
x
′
′
2
(
p
2
−
q
2
−
q
′
2
+
q
′
′
2
)
X
=
(
p
2
−
q
2
+
q
′
2
−
q
′
′
2
)
x
−
2
(
p
q
″
+
q
q
′
)
x
′
−
2
(
p
q
′
+
q
q
″
)
x
″
(
p
2
−
q
2
−
q
′
2
+
q
′
′
2
)
X
′
=
2
(
p
q
″
−
q
q
′
)
x
+
(
p
2
+
q
2
−
q
′
2
−
q
′
′
2
)
x
′
+
2
(
p
q
−
q
′
q
″
)
x
″
(
p
2
−
q
2
−
q
′
2
+
q
′
′
2
)
X
″
=
−
2
(
p
q
′
−
q
q
′
)
x
+
2
(
p
q
+
q
′
q
″
)
x
′
+
(
p
2
+
q
2
+
q
′
2
+
q
′
′
2
)
x
″
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x^{2}+x^{\prime 2}-x^{\prime \prime 2}\\\hline {\begin{aligned}\left(p^{2}-q^{2}-q^{\prime 2}+q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)X&=\left(p^{2}-q^{2}+q^{\prime 2}-q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)x-2(pq''+qq')x'-2(pq'+qq'')x''\\\left(p^{2}-q^{2}-q^{\prime 2}+q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)X'&=2(pq''-qq')x+\left(p^{2}+q^{2}-q^{\prime 2}-q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)x'+2(pq-q'q'')x''\\\left(p^{2}-q^{2}-q^{\prime 2}+q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)X''&=-2(pq'-qq')x+2(pq+q'q'')x'+\left(p^{2}+q^{2}+q^{\prime 2}+q^{\prime \prime 2}\right)x''\end{aligned}}\end{matrix}}}
He described this transformation in 1898 in the first part of his "arithmetics of quadratic forms" as well.[ 8]
This is equivalent to Lorentz transformation (
5b ), producing the relation
X
2
+
X
′
2
−
X
′
′
2
=
x
2
+
x
′
2
−
x
′
′
2
{\displaystyle X^{2}+X^{\prime 2}-X^{\prime \prime 2}=x^{2}+x^{\prime 2}-x^{\prime \prime 2}}
.
edit
After previous work by w:Albert Ribaucour (1870),[ M 14] w:Edmond Laguerre (1882) as "transformation by reciprocal directions " which was later called "Laguerre inversion/transformation". It can be seen as a special case of the conformal group in terms of E:Lie's transformations of oriented spheres . In two dimensions the transformation or oriented lines has the form (R being the radius):[ M 15]
D
′
=
D
(
1
+
α
2
)
−
2
α
R
1
−
α
2
R
′
=
2
α
D
−
R
(
1
+
α
2
)
1
−
α
2
|
D
2
−
D
′
2
=
R
2
−
R
′
2
D
−
D
′
=
α
(
R
−
R
′
)
D
+
D
′
=
1
α
(
R
+
R
′
)
{\displaystyle \left.{\begin{aligned}D'&={\frac {D\left(1+\alpha ^{2}\right)-2\alpha R}{1-\alpha ^{2}}}\\R'&={\frac {2\alpha D-R\left(1+\alpha ^{2}\right)}{1-\alpha ^{2}}}\end{aligned}}\right|{\begin{aligned}D^{2}-D^{\prime 2}&=R^{2}-R^{\prime 2}\\D-D'&=\alpha (R-R')\\D+D'&={\frac {1}{\alpha }}(R+R')\end{aligned}}}
This is equivalent (up to a sign change) to Lorentz transformation (
5a ) in terms of Cayley–Hermite parameters (even though Laguerre didn't use the Cayley-Hermite transformation (
Q2 )). The Lorentz boost of velocity follows with
2
α
1
+
α
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\alpha }{1+\alpha ^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
.
edit
Following Laguerre (1882) , w:Gaston Darboux (1887) presented the Laguerre inversions in four dimensions using coordinates x,y,z,R :[ M 16]
x
′
2
+
y
′
2
+
z
′
2
−
R
′
2
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
−
R
2
x
′
=
x
,
z
′
=
1
+
k
2
1
−
k
2
z
−
2
k
R
1
−
k
2
,
y
′
=
y
,
R
′
=
2
k
z
1
−
k
2
−
1
+
k
2
1
−
k
2
R
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x^{\prime 2}+y^{\prime 2}+z^{\prime 2}-R^{\prime 2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-R^{2}\\\hline {\begin{aligned}x'&=x,&z'&={\frac {1+k^{2}}{1-k^{2}}}z-{\frac {2kR}{1-k^{2}}},\\y'&=y,&R'&={\frac {2kz}{1-k^{2}}}-{\frac {1+k^{2}}{1-k^{2}}}R,\end{aligned}}\end{matrix}}}
This is equivalent (up to a sign change for
R ) to Lorentz transformation (
5a ) in terms of Cayley–Hermite parameters (even though Darboux didn't use the Cayley-Hermite transformation (
Q2 )). The Lorentz boost of velocity follows with
2
k
1
+
k
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2k}{1+k^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
.
edit
w:Percey F. Smith (1900) followed Laguerre (1882) and Darboux (1887) and defined the Laguerre inversion as follows:[ M 17]
p
′
2
−
p
2
=
R
′
2
−
R
2
p
′
=
κ
2
+
1
κ
2
−
1
p
−
2
κ
κ
2
−
1
R
,
R
′
=
2
κ
κ
2
−
1
p
−
κ
2
+
1
κ
2
−
1
R
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}p^{\prime 2}-p^{2}=R^{\prime 2}-R^{2}\\\hline p'={\frac {\kappa ^{2}+1}{\kappa ^{2}-1}}p-{\frac {2\kappa }{\kappa ^{2}-1}}R,\quad R'={\frac {2\kappa }{\kappa ^{2}-1}}p-{\frac {\kappa ^{2}+1}{\kappa ^{2}-1}}R\end{matrix}}}
This is equivalent (up to a sign change) to Lorentz transformation (
5a ) in terms of Cayley–Hermite parameters (even though Smith didn't use the Cayley-Hermite transformation (
Q2 )). The Lorentz boost of velocity follows with
2
κ
1
+
κ
2
=
v
c
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\kappa }{1+\kappa ^{2}}}={\tfrac {v}{c}}}
.
edit
w:Émile Borel (1913) started by demonstrating Euclidean motions using Euler-Rodrigues parameter in three dimensions, and Cayley's (1846) parameter in four dimensions. Then he demonstrated the connection to indefinite quadratic forms expressing hyperbolic motions and Lorentz transformations. In three dimensions equivalent to (5b [ R 3]
x
2
+
y
2
−
z
2
−
1
=
0
δ
a
=
λ
2
+
μ
2
+
ν
2
−
ρ
2
,
δ
b
=
2
(
λ
μ
+
ν
ρ
)
,
δ
c
=
−
2
(
λ
ν
+
μ
ρ
)
,
δ
a
′
=
2
(
λ
μ
−
ν
ρ
)
,
δ
b
′
=
−
λ
2
+
μ
2
+
ν
2
−
ρ
2
,
δ
c
′
=
2
(
λ
ρ
−
μ
ν
)
,
δ
a
″
=
2
(
λ
ν
−
μ
ρ
)
,
δ
b
″
=
2
(
λ
ρ
+
μ
ν
)
,
δ
c
″
=
−
(
λ
2
+
μ
2
+
ν
2
+
ρ
2
)
,
(
δ
=
λ
2
+
μ
2
−
ρ
2
−
ν
2
)
λ
=
ν
=
0
→
Hyperbolic rotation
{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2}-1=0\\\hline {\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}\delta a&=\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}-\rho ^{2},&\delta b&=2(\lambda \mu +\nu \rho ),&\delta c&=-2(\lambda \nu +\mu \rho ),\\\delta a'&=2(\lambda \mu -\nu \rho ),&\delta b'&=-\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}-\rho ^{2},&\delta c'&=2(\lambda \rho -\mu \nu ),\\\delta a''&=2(\lambda \nu -\mu \rho ),&\delta b''&=2(\lambda \rho +\mu \nu ),&\delta c''&=-\left(\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}+\rho ^{2}\right),\end{aligned}}}\\\left(\delta =\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}-\rho ^{2}-\nu ^{2}\right)\\\lambda =\nu =0\rightarrow {\text{Hyperbolic rotation}}\end{matrix}}}
In four dimensions equivalent to (5c [ R 4]
F
=
(
x
1
−
x
2
)
2
+
(
y
1
−
y
2
)
2
+
(
z
1
−
z
2
)
2
−
(
t
1
−
t
2
)
2
(
μ
2
+
ν
2
−
α
2
)
cos
φ
+
(
λ
2
−
β
2
−
γ
2
)
ch
θ
−
(
α
β
+
λ
μ
)
(
cos
φ
−
ch
θ
)
−
ν
sin
φ
−
γ
sh
θ
−
(
α
β
+
λ
μ
)
(
cos
φ
−
ch
θ
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{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}F=\left(x_{1}-x_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{1}-y_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{1}-z_{2}\right)^{2}-\left(t_{1}-t_{2}\right)^{2}\\\hline {\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}&\left(\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}-\alpha ^{2}\right)\cos \varphi +\left(\lambda ^{2}-\beta ^{2}-\gamma ^{2}\right)\operatorname {ch} {\theta }&&-(\alpha \beta +\lambda \mu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })-\nu \sin \varphi -\gamma \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\&-(\alpha \beta +\lambda \mu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })-\nu \sin \varphi +\gamma \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&\left(\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}-\beta ^{2}\right)\cos \varphi +\left(\mu ^{2}-\alpha ^{2}-\gamma ^{2}\right)\operatorname {ch} {\theta }\\&-(\alpha \gamma +\lambda \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\mu \sin \varphi -\beta \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&-(\beta \mu +\mu \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\lambda \sin \varphi +\alpha \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\&(\gamma \mu -\beta \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\alpha \sin \varphi -\lambda \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&-(\alpha \nu -\lambda \gamma )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\beta \sin \varphi -\mu \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\\\&\quad -(\alpha \gamma +\lambda \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\mu \sin \varphi +\beta \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&\quad (\beta \nu -\mu \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\alpha \sin \varphi -\lambda \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\&\quad -(\beta \mu +\mu \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })-\lambda \sin \varphi -\alpha \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&\quad (\lambda \gamma -\alpha \nu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\beta \sin \varphi -\mu \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\&\quad \left(\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}-\gamma ^{2}\right)\cos \varphi +\left(\nu ^{2}-\alpha ^{2}-\beta ^{2}\right)\operatorname {ch} {\theta }&&\quad (\alpha \mu -\beta \lambda )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\gamma \sin \varphi -\nu \operatorname {sh} {\theta }\\&\quad (\beta \gamma -\alpha \mu )(\cos \varphi -\operatorname {ch} {\theta })+\gamma \sin \varphi -\nu \operatorname {sh} {\theta }&&\quad -\left(\alpha ^{2}+\beta ^{2}+\gamma ^{2}\right)\cos \varphi +\left(\lambda ^{2}+\mu ^{2}+\nu ^{2}\right)\operatorname {ch} {\theta }\end{aligned}}}\\\left(\alpha ^{2}+\beta ^{2}+\gamma ^{2}-\lambda ^{2}-\mu ^{2}-\nu ^{2}=-1\right)\end{matrix}}}
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b\\-a&0&c\\b&-c&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}=x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\begin{matrix}1-a^{2}-b^{2}+c^{2}&2(bc-a)&2(ac+b)\\2(bc+a)&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}&2(ab-c)\\2(ac-b)&2(ab+c)&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left(\kappa =1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)\end{matrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/554bba9587c527970a3c17a69ddf83f2cbe7033c)
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a\\-a&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{1-a^{2}}}\left[{\begin{matrix}1+a^{2}&-2a\\-2a&1+a^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \end{matrix}}\Rightarrow {\begin{matrix}-x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \left.{\begin{aligned}x_{0}&=x_{0}^{\prime }{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}^{\prime }{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}^{\prime }\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)+x_{1}^{\prime }2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\x_{1}&=x_{0}^{\prime }{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}^{\prime }{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}^{\prime }2\beta _{0}+x_{1}^{\prime }\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\\\x_{0}^{\prime }&=x_{0}{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}-x_{1}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {x_{0}\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)-x_{1}2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\\x_{1}^{\prime }&=-x_{0}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}+x_{1}{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=&{\frac {-x_{0}2\beta _{0}+x_{1}\left(1+\beta _{0}^{2}\right)}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}\end{aligned}}\right|{\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1+\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\beta \\{\frac {1+\beta _{0}^{2}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\gamma \\{\frac {2\beta _{0}}{1-\beta _{0}^{2}}}&=\beta \gamma \end{aligned}}}\end{matrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e77e386bfc8e2af0d957cecb2d3e585866d20ba5)
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b\\-a&0&c\\b&-c&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\begin{matrix}1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}&-2(bc-a)&-2(ac+b)\\2(bc+a)&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}&2(ab-c)\\2(ac-b)&-2(ab-c)&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}\end{matrix}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left(\kappa =1-a^{2}-b^{2}+c^{2}\right)\end{matrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa9fb2ab1797fd9beefea50a30359f64a9f7a346)
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbf {A} =\operatorname {diag} (-1,1,1,1),\quad \mathbf {T} ={\scriptstyle {\begin{vmatrix}0&a&-b&c\\-a&0&d&e\\b&-d&0&f\\-c&-e&-f&0\end{vmatrix}}}\\\hline -x_{0}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}=-x_{0}^{\prime 2}+x_{1}^{\prime 2}+x_{2}^{\prime 2}+x_{3}^{\prime 2}\\\hline \mathbf {x} '={\frac {1}{\kappa }}\left[{\scriptstyle {\begin{aligned}&1+a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+&&2(-bd+a+ec+pf)&&2(-ad-b+fc-pe)&&2(pd+fb-ea+c)\\&\quad d^{2}+e^{2}+f^{2}+p^{2}&&1+a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}&&2(-d-ab+pc-fe)&&2(fd+pb+ca-e)\\&2(bd+a-ec+pf)&&\quad -d^{2}-e^{2}+f^{2}+p^{2}&&1-a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}&&2(-ed-cb+pa-f)\\&2(ad-b-fc-pe)&&2(d-ab-pc-fe)&&\quad -d^{2}+e^{2}-f^{2}+p^{2}&&1-a^{2}-b^{2}+-c^{2}\\&2(pd-fb+ea+c)&&2(fd-pb+ca+e)&&2(-ed-cb-pa+f)&&\quad +d^{2}-e^{2}-f^{2}+p^{2}\end{aligned}}}\right]\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\left({\begin{aligned}\kappa &=1-a^{2}-b^{2}-c^{2}+d^{2}+e^{2}+f^{2}-p^{2}\\p&=af+be+cd\end{aligned}}\right)\end{matrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24e2a88efca188a410981b0e67e772aca6072b13)
\end{matrix}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae41832d257c9c97fc11e71ce6a81c6852b6ddce)
\end{matrix}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57b37996b73cc0b7cbd1e37cf65920a5364aff24)
![{\displaystyle {\scriptstyle {\begin{matrix}a\mathrm {x} ^{2}+b\mathrm {y} ^{2}+c\mathrm {z} ^{2}+d\mathrm {w} ^{2}=ax^{2}+by^{2}+cz^{2}+dw^{2}\\\hline (\mathrm {x,y,z,w} )={\frac {1}{k}}\cdot \left[{\begin{aligned}&abcd-bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}&&2b\left(-cd\nu -\tau \phi +d\lambda \mu -c\rho \sigma \right),\\&\quad -bd\mu ^{2}-cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},&&abcd+bc\rho ^{2}-ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}-ad\lambda ^{2}\\&2a\left(cd\nu +\tau \phi +d\lambda \mu -c\rho \sigma \right),&&\quad +bd\mu ^{2}-cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},\\&2a\left(-bd\mu -\sigma \phi +d\lambda \nu -b\rho \tau \right),&&2b\left(ad\lambda +\rho \phi +d\mu \nu -a\sigma \tau \right),\\&2a\left(bc\rho +\lambda \phi +c\nu \sigma -b\mu \tau \right),&&2b\left(ac\sigma +\mu \phi -c\nu \rho +a\lambda \tau \right),\\\\&\quad 2c\left(bd\mu +\sigma \phi +d\lambda \nu -b\rho \tau \right),&&\quad 2d\left(-bc\rho -\lambda \phi +c\nu \sigma -b\mu \tau \right)\\&\quad 2c\left(-ad\lambda -\rho \phi +d\mu \nu -a\sigma \tau \right),&&\quad 2d\left(-ac\sigma -\mu \phi -c\nu \rho +a\lambda \tau \right)\\&\quad abcd+bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}-ab\tau ^{2}-ad\lambda ^{2}&&\quad 2d\left(-ab\tau -\nu \phi +b\mu \rho -a\lambda \sigma \right)\\&\quad \quad -bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},&&\quad abcd-bc\rho ^{2}-ca\sigma ^{2}-ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}\\&\quad 2c\left(ab\tau +\nu \phi +b\mu \rho -a\lambda \sigma \right),&&\quad \quad +bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}-\phi ^{2},\end{aligned}}\right]\cdot (x,y,z,w)\\\left({\begin{aligned}k&=abcd+bc\rho ^{2}+ca\sigma ^{2}+ab\tau ^{2}+ad\lambda ^{2}+bd\mu ^{2}+cd\nu ^{2}+\phi ^{2}\\\phi &=\lambda \rho +\mu \sigma +\nu \tau \end{aligned}}\right)\end{matrix}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/445f193c05a7b35ccfee29bff04a2641459f8a57)
