General Biology/Animal Development

• A Body-Building Plan
• model organism;
• embryonic development;
• Stem cell

Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development

Fertilization

• fertilization;

• acrosomal reaction; acrosome; acrosomal process;
• fast block to polyspermy;

• cortical reaction;
• slow block to polyspermy;
• formation of the fertilization envelope;

• egg activation;

• fertilization in mammals;
• zona pellucida;

Cleavage

• cleavage; blastomeres; blastula; blastocoel;

• cleavage pattern in frogs;
• yolk; vegetal pole; animal pole;
• cleavage furrow;

• cleavage patterns in other animals;
• holoblastic;
• meroblastic;

• regulation of cleavage;

Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival

• morphogenesis; gastrulation; organogenesis;

Gastrulation

• gastrula; germ layers; ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm;

• gastrulation in sea urchins;
• archenteron; blastopore;

• gastrulation in frogs;

• gastrulation in chicks;
• epiblast; hypoblast; primitive streak;

• gastrulation in humans;
• Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes
• amniotes; embryo;

Organogenesis

• neurulation;
• notochord; neural plate; induction;
• neural tube; spina bifida;

• cell migration in organogenesis;
• neural crest; somites;

• organogenesis in chicks and insects;

Mechanisms of Morphogenesis

• cytoskeleton;
• convergent extension;
• cell adhesion molecules; extracellular matrix (ECM);

• programmed cell death; apoptosis;

Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to cell fate specification

• determination; differentiation;
• developmental biology;

Fate Mapping

• fate maps;

• axis formation;
• position of the anterior-posterior axis;
• cortical rotation;

• restricting developmental potential;
• totipotency;

Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals

• “organizer” of Spemann and Mangold;
• formation of the vertebrate limb; pattern formation; positional information;
• apical ectodermal ridge (AER);
• zone of polarizing activity (ZPA);

Cilia and Cell Fate

• tationary primary cilia, or monocilia;

Reference

• Jane B. Reece et al.(2014), Campbell Biology Tenth Edition, Chapter 47. Animal Development