Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Exams

Conceptual Overviews (lessons 1-5) Quiz I Type classification: this is a quiz resource. Point added for a correct answer:    Points for an incorrect answer: Ignore the questions' coefficients: 1 All of these are subfields of neuroscience EXCEPT: Neurology Neuropharmacology Computational neuroscience Nephrology Neuroimaging 2 What is the part of the neuron which primarily receives signals? Axon Dendrite Myelin Cell body 3 A sensory neuron located in the hand would be considered a: Peripheral afferent neuron Peripheral efferent neuron Central afferent neuron Central efferent neuron 4 What cell in the brain is capable of phagocytoisis as part of immune function? Schwann Cells Oligidendroctyes Microglia Macroglia 5 All of these are functions of glia cells EXCEPT: Synthesizing neurotransmitters Maintaining a proper ionic milieu Promoting neuron survival Synthesizing myelin 6 Control of the body's voluntary muscles is orchestrated by the: Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system 7 Rapid heart-rate, sweating, dilated pupils, and faster breathing indicate activation of this nervous system branch: Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system 8 Select all of the following which are closely related to the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine: Reward circuits Sleep Memory Impulse control Inhibition 9 T/F: There is a higher concentration of sodium ions (Na+) outside the cell than inside. True False 10 What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system? Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine Dopamine Sertonin 11 Opening a potassium ion (K+) channel would have what effect on the neuron's membrane potential? Depolarization Hyperpolarization Firing of an action potential 12 Many insecticides and nerve agents work by blocking the degradation of acetylcholine in the synapse. What effect would this have on the cells? The presynaptic neuron would run out of acetyl choline and no longer be able to signal the postynaptic neuron As levels of acetylcholine rise, it would be toxic to the cells Acetycholine would keep telling the postsynaptic neuron to fire, leading to uncontrolled firing 13 What is the "all-or-none" principle of synaptic transmission? When neurotransmitters is released, it will either open all of the sodium channels or none of them depending on how much is released If the membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold, then the cell will send a single signal, otherwise it will send none If the excitation is strong enough to trigger an action potential, then a hyperpolarization phase must ensure, otherwise no hyperpolarization will occur 14 Because the resting potential is _______, depolarization means __________ while hyperpolarization means __________. negative, more positive, more negative negative, more negative, more positive positive, more positive, more negative positive, more negative, more positive 15 T/F: The corpus callosum is made of grey matter True False 16 Select all of the following brain structures that exist as pairs in the brain: Hippocampus Temporal lobe Hypothalamus Thalamus Amygdala 17 All of the following are considered part of the brain stem EXCEPT: Cerebellum Midbrain Pons Medulla 18 Select all of the following which are functions of the hypothalamus: Feeding Fighting Fleeing Fornicating 19 Select all of the following brain regions which are correctly matched to their function: Thalamus- relaying information between the two brain hemispheres Midbrain- regulating sleep Amygdala- modulating heart rate and respiration Cortex- complex cognitive processes Cerebellum- fine-tuning motion 20 Select all of the following brain regions which are (still) correctly matched to their function: Occipital lobe- motion detection and color perception Temporal lobe- emotion and fear responses Parietal lobe- spatial awareness Cerebrum- Memory formation help | edit Focused Topics (lessons 6-10) Quiz II Type classification: this is a quiz resource. Point added for a correct answer:    Points for an incorrect answer: Ignore the questions' coefficients: 1 The peripheral nervous system is derived from what embryonic structure? Neural tube Neural crest Diencephelon Telencephelon 2 The first basic step in development is: Cell differentiation Neural tube formation Neural crest formation Neurilation 3 During early childhood, what is the predominant change occurring in the brain? Growth of connections Gyrus formation in the cortex Enlargement of neurons Loss of connections 4 T/F: Myelination occurs at every stage of post-natal brain development True False 5 What is the neurological term for the brain's ability to undergo changes? Adaptivity Maleability Plasticity Flexability 6 What brain region, crucial to sleep patterns, is sensitive to changes in light? Reticular formation Suprachiasmatic nucleus Thalamus Occipital lobe 7 Select all of the phenomena which can promote drowsiness and sleep: Percieved light level Decreased neurotrasnmitter availibility Buildup of adenosine Action of the hormone melatonin Action of the hormone melanin 8 Differences between NREM and REM sleep include all of the following EXCEPT: Eye movement Temporary paralysis Selective brain region deactivation Occurance of Dreams Neural activity patterns 9 Select all of the following which are theories for sleep's biological utility: Replenishing neurotransmitter levels Replenishing hormone levels Establishing new channels and receptors Breaking down more ATP Boosting proper development and learning 10 T/F: Inhibitory neurons in the cortex lead to a loss of consciousness during sleep True False 11 All of the following are true of semantic memories EXCEPT: They pertain to concrete facts They are a form of declarative memory They are ultimately stored in the cerebrum They can include autobiographical memories 12 Select all of the following which must occur for a working memory to be maintained: Biochemical changes occur at the synapse A neuronal 'loop' is replayed Sensory regions are recruited to reconstruct perceptions The hippocampus is highly activated 13 Long term potentiaion (LTP) is: A process of creating new connections and associations to form a memory A process of removing inhibitory inputs impeding a certain memory circuit A process of strengthening already existing synaptic connections 14 Select all which occur during memory recall: The memory experience is recreated in the brain The memory is moved from the hippocampus to the cerebrum Neuronal connections forming the memory may be altered Enough of the accompanying memory 'network' must be activated to recover the memory Neurons within the memory network must synchronize their firing 15 After passing through the primary auditory cortex, what is the first language processing area words pass through? Broca's area Wernicke's area Geschwind's territory 16 All of the following are involved in articulation of language EXCEPT: Primary motor cortex must be highly activated Specific phonemes must be selected to form words Muscle movements of facial muscles must be precisely coordinated Broca's area must oversee speech production 17 T/F: Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and Geshwind's territory are almost always found on only the left side of the brain True False 18 An emergent property is one that: Emerges unexpectidely with few indications of its origins Generates complex behavior out of the interactions of simple parts Is inevitable and must result from a certain stimulus input Is formed by a circuit 19 T/F: Emotion is a largely conscious experience independent of rational judgement True False 20 Select all of the brain regions correctly matched with their role in emotion: Thalamus- tagging sensory input as emotionally arousing or not Amygdala- center for fear and aggression Anterior cingulate- controlling emotional responses with rational inhibition Hypothalamus- signaling information about emotional cues to the thalamus Prefrontal cortex- abnegating immediate reward for goal-oriented behavior help | edit Senses and Movement (lessons 11-15) Quiz III Type classification: this is a quiz resource. Point added for a correct answer:    Points for an incorrect answer: Ignore the questions' coefficients: 1 The purpose of the eye's lens is to: Magnify images Focus light Enhance images Reflect light 2 How is visual information sorted by preliminary optic pathways? Input from the left eye travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa Input from the left eye travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa Input from the left field of vision travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa Input from the left field of vision travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa 3 All of the following are true about the visual system EXCEPT: Cone cells are more abundant than rod cells Rod cells are adept at motion detection Cone cells are concentrated where visual acuity is greatest Rod cells do not respond selectively to different wavelengths of light 4 Select all of the following which accurately describe cortical visual processing: Each successive layer processes increasingly complex visual information The primary visual cortex (V1) already processes motion information Color perception begins at the V2 layer of the occipital cortex Depth perception is generated by advanced level spatial understanding pathways The visual stream passing through the parietal lobe is responsible for object recognition 5 Which of the following best describes how sound waves enter the cochlea? Pressure waves in the air vibrate a membrane on the cochlea Specialized nerve cells detect air vibration and send this information to the cochlea Pressure waves trigger the movement of a series of bones which vibrate the cochlea 6 T/F: The first nervous system cells involved in hearing are hair cells True False 7 What role do mechanoreceptors play in the cochlea? Detecting vibrations of the cochlear membrane Detecting the movement of fluid within the cochlea Detecting the force exerted by the ossicles The cochlea does not contain any mechanoreceptors 8 All of the following are true about auditory processing EXCEPT: Sound location is determened by interaural time differnces Pitch information is encoded by what area of the cochlea gets activated Both the primary and secondary auditory cortices are on the temporal lobe The first destination of the auditory nerve coming from the ear is the primary auditory cortex 9 T/F: The olfactory bulb is linked to the limbic system True False 10 The chemicals responsible for smell and taste are, respectively: Olfactants and gustants Olfactants and tastants Odorants and gustants Odorants and tastants 11 Perceptual qualities in both taste and smell are generated by Activation of receptors specific for certain perceptions Activation of collections of receptors in different patterns Differential activation of receptors at specific regions of the tongue or olfactory bulb Co-activation of two receptor types by a specific stimulus 12 Select all of the following which could be detected by a mechanoreceptor: Vibration Stretch Pressure Temperature Pain 13 How is a given class of receptor's sensitivity primarily determined? Receptor shape and location on the body Receptor density and shape Receptor depth in the skin and density All receptors within a given class are equally sensitive to stimulation 14 How are sensory inputs organized by the primary sensory cortex? According to location on the body According to receptor type According to stimulus type According to receptor depth in the skin 15 Select all of the ways a nociceptor may be activated: Directly by physical damage to the cell Directly by a strong pressure applied to the cell Directly by the loss of cells Indirectly by chemicals released by damaged cells Indirectly by chemicals released by immune cells Indirectly by psychological influences 16 Differences between touch processing and pain processing include: Many classes and types of mechnoreceptors vs few varying types Passing through intermediate processing steps vs direct route to the cortex Most receptors near the surface of the skin vs most buried in the lower dermis One main cortical processing area vs very diffuse processing 17 What is the neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular synapses? Acetylcholine Dopamine Seretonin Many types of neurotransmitters are usually used 18 What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement? Generating movement commands Filtering out excess movement commands Atuning muscle coordination Processing inputs from muscle spindles 19 What is the role of muscle spindles in movement? Causing muscle fibers to contract Causing muscle fibers to relax Detecting muscle stretch following contraction Detecting muscle fatigue (through lactate levels) 20 T/F: Involuntary motion only requires basic input from the brainstem or cerebellum True False help | edit Disorders (lessons 16-20) Quiz IV Type classification: this is a quiz resource. Point added for a correct answer:    Points for an incorrect answer: Ignore the questions' coefficients: 1 All of the following are symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders EXCEPT: Impaired communication Social difficulties Repetitive behavior Lack of focus Improper sensory processing 2 The chief distinction between an Autism diagnosis and one for Asperger's Syndrome is: Acquisition of language Exceptional abilities in one subject Severity of behavioral restriction General intelligence scores 3 Select all of the following which ADD and ADHD have in common: Impulsivity Disorganization Hyperacitivity Inattention 4 The brain region most implicated in ADD/ADHD and which is targeted by most drugs is: Parietal cortex Prefrontal cortex Basal ganglia Limbic System 5 Select all of the following that are BOTH learning disabilities, and correctly matched: Dyscalcula- Difficulties in mathmatics Dysliria- Difficulties in reading comprehension Dyslexia- Difficulties in writing Dysgraphia- Difficulties in drawing pictures 6 T/F: A learning disability can be distinguished from intellectual disabilities by specific versus general impairment True False 7 The two abnormalities which accumulate in Alzheimer's patients are: Beta Amyloid plaques and Gama scleroses Tau neurofibularly tangles and Gama scleroses Beta Amyloid plaques and Tau neurofibularly tangles Delta fissures and Beta Amyloid plaques 8 The brain region which degenerates in Parkinson's disease is the: Basal ganglia Substantia nigra Primary motor cortex Cerebellum 9 Certain drugs can alleviate some of the symptoms of Parkinson's by repleting what neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin 10 What causes multiple sclerosis? Broad brain degeneration due to aging and plaque buildup Localized brain degeneration due to the death of certain cells Breaking of axonal connections to other neurons due to damage Loss of myelin due to autoimmune attacks 11 Select all of the following which are probable contributing causes to anxiety disorders: Dopamine depletion Heightened hormonal sensitivity Selective neurological degeneration GABA depletion 12 All of the following are symptoms of schizophrenia except: Absence of emotional responses Distorted perceptions of reality Elevated levels of aggression Behavioral disorganization 13 T/F: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed in cases of depression. True False 14 Most of the neurological damage caused by an average car accident would be because of: Direct impact and vascular damage Whiplash and swelling Direct impact and swelling Whiplash and vascular damage 15 Select all of the following which are signs of a stroke: Hallucinations Weakness on one side of the body Drastic mood changes Speech issues 16 T/F: General seizures often result in various types of hallucinations True False 17 Select all of the following involving to dysfunctions in regulation of the neurotransmitter GABA: Depression PTSD Epilepsy Addiction ADHD 18 All of the following are immediate priorities in treating brain injury EXCEPT: Reducing swelling for trauma Enhancing blood flow for stroke Clearing obstructions for stroke Reducing inflammation for stroke 19 Select all of the following which are correctly defined: Tolerance- gradual reduction in substance's harm Withdrawl- period of severe discomfort following substance abstenance Relapse- return to treatment 20 Based on the neurological definition of addiction, what is capable of being addictive? Any drug Any ingested substance Any behavior Any substance or behavior help | edit Brain anatomy Name that brain region! help | edit