EuroLex/E/Topmodel
< EuroLex
topmodel
- Original language: English (not an English word, but an Anglicism nevertheless)
- Original form and meaning: n. 'a female model for fashion shows etc.'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | the same as in English, see above, status: word is known mainly to bilinguals and felt to be English | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | topmodel/top-modèle | 1990s | the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern | dito | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | topmodel [= English] | 1970s | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Hungarian | topmodel [topmodell] | end20c | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern) | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | topmodel | 1980s | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical, journalese) | dito | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | toppmodell < supermodell | 20c | the same as in English, see above, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan | dito | ... |
| Polish | topmodelka [top modell] | end20c | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (colloquial) | dito | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | top model [top modell] | 1990s | the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
- Annotations: * DEA = Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Manfred Görlach (2001), Oxford: OUP.; ** CODEE = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by T.F. Hoad (1986), Oxford: Clarendon.
- Information on Other Languages: Icelandic: toppmódel, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; Romanian: topmodel [topmodel], 1990s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern; Russian: topmodel, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: technical; Bulgarian: topmodel, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern); Albanian: topmodel, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern; Greek: topmodel, 1980s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern);,