top2

  • Original language: English
  • Original form and meaning: adj./cp 2 'highest in degree or importance'


(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)


Language Form Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) Current Meaning and Status Earlier Meanings and Statusses Source
Catalan ... ... '...' '...' ...
Croatian topp [= English] end20c the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
Czech ... ... '...' '...' ...
Danish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Dutch top [= English] 1970s the same as in English, see above, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan dito ...
English ... ... '...' '...' ...
Estonian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Finnish ... ... '...' '...' ...
French top [= English] uninfluenced, mid20c the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use; dito ...
Frisian ... ... '...' '...' ...
German top [= English] uninfluenced, 1970s the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English dito ...
Hungarian top [= English] 1970s the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English dito ...
Irish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Italian top 1960s the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English dito ...
Latvian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Lithuanian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Maltese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Norwegian topp [= English] beg20c the same as in English, see above, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan dito ...
Polish top uninfluenced, end20c the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (colloquial, journalese) dito ...
Portuguese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Rumantsch ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovak ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovenian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Spanish top [top] 1970s '...' '...' ...
Swedish ... ... '...' '...' ...
  • Annotations: * DEA = Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Manfred Görlach (2001), Oxford: OUP.; ** CODEE = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by T.F. Hoad (1986), Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Information on Other Languages: Icelandic: topp-, mid/end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English (colloquial); Romanian: top [= English], 1980s, status: restricted use: journalese; Russian: top, 1990s, status: restricted use: journalese; Bulgarian: top, 1990s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (journalese); Albanian: top, 1990s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern; Greek: top, end20c, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (colloquial);,