top1

  • Original language: English
  • Original form and meaning: n. 2a 'the highest rank or place', 4a 'a (sleeveless) blouse, jumper', +14 'the charts' (music)


(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)


Language Form Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) Current Meaning and Status Earlier Meanings and Statusses Source
Catalan ... ... '...' '...' ...
Croatian top end20c 2a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (youth); 4a, status: restricted use; dito ...
Czech ... ... '...' '...' ...
Danish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Dutch top/topje (4a) [= English] 1910s/1970s 1910s: 2a, status: word comes from other source than English; 1970s: 4a, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan dito ...
English ... ... '...' '...' ...
Estonian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Finnish toppi mid20c 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
French ... ... '...' '...' ...
Frisian ... ... '...' '...' ...
German top [= English] 1970s 4a, status: restricted use: technical; dito ...
Hungarian top [= English] end20c/1990s/1970s end20c: 2a, status: restricted use: technical (computers); 1990s: 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern); 1970s: +14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (written, modern); dito ...
Irish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Italian top 1960s 2a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical, modern); 4a, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical); dito ...
Latvian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Lithuanian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Maltese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Norwegian topp [= English] ... the same as in English, see above, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan dito ...
Polish top/topka (4a) end20c 2a,+14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (youth); 4a, status: restricted use: modern; dito ...
Portuguese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Rumantsch ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovak ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovenian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Spanish top 1990s the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English dito ...
Swedish ... ... '...' '...' ...
  • Annotations: * DEA = Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Manfred Görlach (2001), Oxford: OUP.; ** CODEE = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by T.F. Hoad (1986), Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Information on Other Languages: Icelandic: toppur, meaning: 2a, status: word comes from other source than English; end20c: 4a, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan (modern); 1960s: 14, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan; Romanian: top [= English], 1970s, meaning: 2a,+14, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (journalese, modern); Russian: top, end20c, meaning: 4a, status: restricted use: modern; Albanian: top, 1990s, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: restricted use: modern; Greek: top, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (colloquial);,