tonic

  • Original language: English
  • Original form and meaning: n. +1a 'an invigorating cosmetic fluid', 2 'anything serving to invigorate', 3 'tonic water'


(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)


Language Form Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) Current Meaning and Status Earlier Meanings and Statusses Source
Catalan ... ... '...' '...' ...
Croatian tonik end20c 3, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English; dito ...
Czech ... ... '...' '...' ...
Danish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Dutch tonic [= English] 1950s 3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
English ... ... '...' '...' ...
Estonian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Finnish tonic [= English] midd20c 3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
French tonic [= English] 1960s +1a,3, status: restricted use: modern; dito ...
Frisian ... ... '...' '...' ...
German tonic [= English] 1970s 3, status: restricted use: modern; dito ...
Hungarian tonic/tonik [tonik] 1970s +1a, status: word comes from other source than English: Greek/Latin; 3, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English; dito ...
Irish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Italian tonic < tonico (+1a)/ (aqua) tonica (3) 1960s 3, status: restricted use; '...' ...
Latvian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Lithuanian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Maltese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Norwegian tonic [= English] 1960s +1a, status: restricted use: technical; mid20c: 3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
Polish tonik end20c +1a,3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; dito ...
Portuguese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Rumantsch ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovak ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovenian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Spanish tónico (+1a)/ (aqua) tónica (3) ... +1a, status: (nearly) identical to indigenous form in receptor language, form of semantic loan; 3, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English; '...' ...
Swedish ... ... '...' '...' ...
  • Annotations: * DEA = Dictionary of European Anglicisms by Manfred Görlach (2001), Oxford: OUP.; ** CODEE = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by T.F. Hoad (1986), Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Information on Other Languages: Icelandic: tónik [th ou:nik], mid20c, meaning: +1a (rend 'andlitsvatn'), status: restricted use; 3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; Romanian: tonic < apa tonica (3) [tonik], 1970s, via French, meaning: +1a, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English; Russian: tonik, end20c, meaning: the same as in English, see above, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (modern); Bulgarian: tonik, 1970s, meaning: 2,3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English; Albanian: tonik, meaning: +1a,3, status: restricted use: youth; Greek: tonik, end20c, meaning: 3, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English;,