EuroLex/E/Gangster
< EuroLex
- Origin: English
- Original Form and Meaning: gangster: 1) 'a member of a gang of violent criminals'/ +2) 'someone acting like a gangster' [+ stands for additional meanings that are not English (semantic pseudo-anglicisms)]
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -i | mid20c | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | gangster ['gεngstər], common noun | 1940s | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford: OUP. |
| English | gangster | meaning 1 | from gang; earlier meanings of gang: 'set of articles of one kind' (14c), 'band of persons' (16c) | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.; Hoad, T.F. (ed.) (1986): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon. | |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | gangsteri [as spelling suggests] | 20c | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| French | gangster [gãgstεR], Masculine | 1930s | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | gangster [geŋsta], Masculine, Plural Ø | 1940s | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Hungarian | gengszter ['gengster], Plural -ek | beg20c | meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English (developing into being unmarked) | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | gangster [gεngster/gangster], Masculine, Plural Ø | 1930s | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | gangster [=English], Masculine, Plural -e | 1930s | meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Polish | gangster [gangster], Masculine | mid20c | meanings 1 and +2; status: no longer recognized as English | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | gangster/gángster/gánster [=English/'ganster/'gaster], Masculine, Plural -s/-es | 1930s | meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English (developing into being unmarked) | dito | Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP. |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
Annotations edit
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Information on Other Languages edit
- Icelandic: gangster [kaŋster], Masculine, Plural -ar, mid 20c, meanings 1 and +2, status: restricted to slang;
- Romanian: gangster ['gangster], Masculine, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English;
- Russian: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -y, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English;
- Bulgarian: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -i, mid20c, via Russian, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English ;
- Albanian: gangster [gangs'ter], Masculine, Plural -ë, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: no longer recognized as English;
- Greek: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -Ø/-s, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English/foreignism
(source: Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford: OUP)