EuroLex/E/Gangster

  • Origin: English
  • Original Form and Meaning: gangster: 1) 'a member of a gang of violent criminals'/ +2) 'someone acting like a gangster' [+ stands for additional meanings that are not English (semantic pseudo-anglicisms)]


(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)


Language Form Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) Current Meaning and Status Earlier Meanings and Statusses Source
Catalan ... ... '...' '...' ...
Croatian gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -i mid20c meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Czech ... ... '...' '...' ...
Danish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Dutch gangster ['gεngstər], common noun 1940s meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford: OUP.
English gangster meaning 1 from gang; earlier meanings of gang: 'set of articles of one kind' (14c), 'band of persons' (16c) Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.; Hoad, T.F. (ed.) (1986): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon.
Estonian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Finnish gangsteri [as spelling suggests] 20c meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
French gangster [gãgstεR], Masculine 1930s meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Frisian ... ... '...' '...' ...
German gangster [geŋsta], Masculine, Plural Ø 1940s meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Hungarian gengszter ['gengster], Plural -ek beg20c meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English (developing into being unmarked) dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Irish ... ... '...' '...' ...
Italian gangster [gεngster/gangster], Masculine, Plural Ø 1930s meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Latvian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Lithuanian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Maltese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Norwegian gangster [=English], Masculine, Plural -e 1930s meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Polish gangster [gangster], Masculine mid20c meanings 1 and +2; status: no longer recognized as English dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Portuguese ... ... '...' '...' ...
Rumantsch ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovak ... ... '...' '...' ...
Slovenian ... ... '...' '...' ...
Spanish gangster/gángster/gánster [=English/'ganster/'gaster], Masculine, Plural -s/-es 1930s meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English (developing into being unmarked) dito Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford:OUP.
Swedish ... ... '...' '...' ...

Annotations

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Information on Other Languages

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  • Icelandic: gangster [kaŋster], Masculine, Plural -ar, mid 20c, meanings 1 and +2, status: restricted to slang;
  • Romanian: gangster ['gangster], Masculine, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English;
  • Russian: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -y, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English;
  • Bulgarian: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -i, mid20c, via Russian, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English ;
  • Albanian: gangster [gangs'ter], Masculine, Plural , mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: no longer recognized as English;
  • Greek: gangster [as spelling suggests], Masculine, Plural -Ø/-s, mid20c, meanings 1 and +2; status: fully accepted but still marked as English/foreignism

(source: Manfred Görlach (2001): A Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Oxford: OUP)