Definition of the Concept: Although there are sometimes distinctive words for various aspects of love (agape, eros, philia), it is more generally true that the same word is used, any distinction depending upon the context.

Catalan

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Croatian

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Czech

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 láska ON elska and els-hugi sb. ... Buck
2 milovati ... vb., cf. sb. milý ... Buck
3 libiti se ... vb., impers. 'be pleasing' once general Slavic, but partly replaced Buck

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Danish

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 kœrlighed since ODan. kœrleg sb., general early borrowing fr. an old form of Fr. cher; hence ON kœrleikr Buck
2 elskov ... sb.; for 'dear' as an affectionate term of adress elsket; vb. elske ON elska Buck
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Dutch

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 liefde since ODu. sb., general; adj. lief cf. OHG liubī Buck
2 minne, beminnen since ODu. sb., esp. of sexual love, and by 1500 no longer decent and hence taboo, but revived again in poetic language in the late 18th century OHG minna Buck
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English

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 love since OE sb. lufu, vb. lufian; ME sb. love, vb. lovie general, cf. adj. OEleof, MEleve, NElief ... Buck
2 frēod only OE sb., vb. frēon; cf. NHG freien 'woo' Buck
3 wyn only OE sb. 'love, charm', but common only in the personified 'Venus' vb. wyscan 'wish' Lat. venus Buck
4 ēst only OE sb. 'favor, grace', vb. unnan 'grant, wish' ON āst Buck

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whore since OE hōre; pejorative for a 'prostitute'< Lat. cāritās (Buck)

Estonian

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Finnish

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French

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 amour since OF general; sb., vb. aimer Lat. sb. amor, vb., amāre Buck
2 avoir cher since OF vb., lit. 'hold dear' Lat. bene velle alicui Buck
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Frisian

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German

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 Liebe since OHG sb. liubī, vb. liubōn; MHG sb. liebe, vb. lieben sb., general, vb. lieben ... Buck
2 Minne since OHG sb. minna, vb. minn(e)ōn, MHG, NHG minnen esp. of sexual love, and by 1500 no longer decent and hence taboo, but revived again in poetic language in the late 18th century ... Buck
3 Wonne since OE sb. wunna, vb. wunscan lit., reference to the personified Venus Lat venus Buck

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Hure since OHG huora; pejorative for a 'prostitute'< Lat cāritās (Buck)

Hungarian

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Irish

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 grādh since OIr grād general orig. dub., perh. loanword fr. Lat. grātum 'favor' in phrases like grātum facere alicui Buck
2 searc since OIr serc now mostly poetic etym. dub., perh. *ser-k- beside *ser-t-, W. serth 'obscene' Buck
3 cin since OIr cion esp. fondness, esteem Skt. canas- 'delight' Buck

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Italian

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 amore since OIt. sb. general, vb. amare Lat. sb. amor, vb. amāre Buck
2 bene voler since OIt. vb. 'wish well', more popular expression Lat. vene velle alicui Buck
3 caro since OIt. adj. Lat. cārus Buck

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Ladin

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Latvian

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Lithuanian

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 meilė ... sb., general, vb. mylėti, adj. mielas prob. fr. the root *mei- in Skt. mayas- 'delight, joy'; Lat. mītis 'mild, gentle' Buck
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Maltese

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Norwegian

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Occitan

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Polish

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 milość ... sb. general prob. fr. the root *mei- in Skt. mayas- 'delight, joy', Lat. mītis 'mild, gentle' Buck
2 kochać ... vb. general cf. Boh. kochati 'fondle' Buck
3 lubić ... vb. 'be fond of, like', adj. łasy 'hankering, greedy' ... Buck

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Portuguese

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Rumantsch

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Slovak

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Slovenian

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Spanish

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 amor since OSp. sb. general, vb. amar Lat. sb. amor, vb. amāre Buck
2 quedar ... more popular expression ... Buck
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Swedish

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History of Forms

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No. Variants of Lexical Type Chronological Data Distribution Origin Sources
1 kärlek since OSW. kœrlek sb. general ON kœrr, early borrowing fr. an old form of Fr. cher Buck
2 älskog since OSW. sb., vb. älska ON elska Buck
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Information on Other Languages

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(Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)