EuroHiT/Language

Definition of the Concept: 'Language' is most commonly expressed by words for the tongue as the most important organ of speech. So regularly in Grk., Lat., Romance, NIr., Slavic; and, beside other words, in Gmc. and Baltic, though here the use, as in NE tongue, ist now mostly poetical or archaic. Others are from verbs for 'speak', a few from words for 'lip' or 'voice'. The majority of these words are used both for a specific 'language' and for the more generic 'language, speech' as a faculty and institution (Buck).

Catalan

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Croatian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	jezik	...	general	...	Buck
2	narječje	...	native word	...	Buck
3	reći	...	native word	...	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

also narječje,reći

Czech

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	jazyk	...	general	...	Buck
2	nářeči	...	native word	...	Buck
3	narok	...	native word	...	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Danish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	sprog	...	general	< MLG sprāhe	Buck
2	(tunge)maal	...	more commonly cpds. with old words for 'speech'	...	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Dutch

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	taal	...	general	...	Buck
2	spraak	...	general	...	Buck
3	tongval	...	native word	cpd. of tong 'tongue' and val 'fall' (here with a notion of error, 'slip of the tongue')	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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English

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	language	since ME langage	general	fr Fr. langage; fr. Lat. lingua	Buck
2	tounge	since OE tunge; ME tunge	general	ON tunga	Buck
3	speech	since OE sprœc; ME speche	general	...	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Estonian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Finnish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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French

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	langue	...	general	...	Buck
2	langage	...	the generic 'language'	Prov. lenguatge > It. linguaggio, Sp. lenguaje; deriv. of langue 'language', from which ist is now (but not orig.) distinguished as the generic 'language'	Buck
3	patois	...	native word	orig. 'coarse, vulgar speech'	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Frisian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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German

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	Sprache	since OHG sprāhha; MHG sprāche	general	...	Buck
2	Zunge	since OHG zunga; MHG zunge	general	...	Buck
3	rede	only NHG	only NHG	...	Buck
4	OHG jiht, bijiht	only OHG	only OHG	cf. NHG beichte	Buck
5	OHG mundart	only NHG	only NHG	whence by semantic borrowing Dan. mundart, Sw. munart; cpd. of mund 'mouth' and art 'manner'	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Hungarian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Irish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	teanga	...	...	...	...
2	urlabhra	since Ir. urlabra	generic 'language, speech'	...	Buck
3	bēarla	since Ir. bēlre	now esp. 'the English language' (i.e. 'the language' par excellence as contrasted with the native)	deriv. of bēl 'lip'	Buck
4	canamhain	...	native word	fr. canaim 'sing', also 'recite, pronounce'	Buck

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Italian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	lingua	...	general	...	Buck
2	linguaggio	...	the generic 'language'	Prov. lenguatge > It. linguaggio, Sp. lenguaje; deriv. of langue 'language', from which ist is now (but not orig.) distinguished as the generic 'language'	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Ladin

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Latvian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Lithuanian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	kalba	...	general	...	Buck
2	liežuvis	...	general	...	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Maltese

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Norwegian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Occitan

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin Sources
1	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Polish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	język	...	general	...	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Portuguese

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Rumantsch

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Slovak

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Slovenian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	...	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Spanish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	lengua	...	general	...	Buck
2	lenguaje	...	the generic 'language'	Prov. lenguatge > It. linguaggio, Sp. lenguaje; deriv. of langue 'language', from which ist is now (but not orig.) distinguished as the generic 'language'	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Swedish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	språk	...	general	< MLH sprāhe	Buck
2	(tungo)mål	...	more commonly cpds. with old words for 'speech'	...	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

Explanations of Changes

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Annotations

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Information on Other Languages

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Related Concepts

(Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)