EuroHiT/Enemy

Definition of the Concept: Words for 'enemy', as the opposite of 'friend', are in several cases neg. cpds. of those for 'friend'; or are cognate with words for 'hate', parallel to 'friend' from 'loving'. Some are derived from words for 'against' and so had originally the milder sense of 'opponent, adversary'. Another semantic source is 'alien' or 'exile, outcast' (Buck).

Catalan

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Croatian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	neprijatelj	...	...	cf. ChSl. neprijateljĭ, etc., general Slavic (Russ. neprijatel`, mostly 'enemy' in war); neg. cpds. of ChSl. prijateljĭ, etc. 'friend'	Buck
2	dušmanin	...	...	fr. Turk. düşman, this fr. nPers. dušman	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

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Czech

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	nepřítel	...	general	...	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Danish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	fjende	...	general	Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate'	Buck
2	uven	...	general	neg. cpd. of ON vinr; Dan. ven 'friend'	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

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Dutch

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	vijand	...	general	Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate'	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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English

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	enemy	since ME enemi	general	fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend'	Buck
2	foe	since OE fēond, gefā, ME fend, fo	...	general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate'	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

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Estonian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Finnish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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French

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	ennemi	since OF	general	fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend'	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Frisian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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German

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	feind	since OHG fīant, MHG vī(e)nt	general	...	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Hungarian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Irish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	namhaid	since Ir. nāme	general	prob.: Alb. nëmë 'curse'; Goth. niman 'take'	Buck
2	Ir. escara, ecra	only Ir.	only Ir.	cpd. of *eks- and care 'friend'	Buck
3	...	...	...	...	...

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Italian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	nimico	...	general	fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend'	Buck
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Ladin

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Latvian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Lithuanian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	priešas	...	general; lit. 'opponent, adversary', but now the preferred word for 'enemy'	deriv. of prieš 'against'	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Maltese

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Norwegian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Occitan

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin Sources
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Polish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	nieprzyjaciel	...	general	...	Buck
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Portuguese

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Rumantsch

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Slovak

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Slovenian

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
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Spanish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	enemigo	...	general	fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend'	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Swedish

History of Forms

No.	Variants of Lexical Type	Chronological Data	Distribution	Origin	Sources
1	fiende	...	general	Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate'	Buck
2	...	...	...	...	...
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Information on Other Languages

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Related Concepts

(Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)