Pre-Late Egyptian Reconstruction/Templatic Class I

Egyptian words which follow Templatic Class I generally emit an underlining nominal characteristic.

The following paradigms equate to Osing and Schenkel's: Subjekts-Nominalisierungen: Nominalbildungsklasse I (forms 1-4).

AaBaC Forms

'Forms 1 - 4' appear to be specific to the infinitive and sometimes nouns.

Form 1

Root Class	Formula
3-lit	AāBaC

Form 2

Root Class	Formula
3-lit	AaBǎC

AiBiC Forms

These forms may be better analyzed as an original adjectival vocalization as well as a true irregular counterpart to 'Forms 1 and 2' and they are discussed here:

Form 3

Root Class	Formula
3-lit	AǐBiC

Form 4

Root Class	Formula
3-lit	AiBǐC

The Infinitive

The infinitive may be said to express a verbal action, which in transitive verbs passes to an object and in intransitive verbs affects the subject initiating the action. The infinitive can express an active or a passive sense (in English translations of Coptic and Egyptian infinitives); e.g. OYωN- ‘to open’ or ‘to be opened’, TAKO - ‘to destroy’ or ‘to be destroyed’, TAϪPO - to make strong’ or ‘to be strengthened’. With intransitive verbs the infinitive expresses an action without a direct object, e.g. ϩωN - ‘to come near’; or it denotes the beginning of a condition or circumstance, e.g. †ϩE - ‘to become drunken’ .

The infinitival inflections below follow different vocalizations.

a-Type Infinitives

The chart below outlines the formulas for those roots without ultimae-j/y consisting of what is called the a-Type pattern CaCaCaC:

Root Class	Formula	Example
2-lit.	AāB	dād [ϪⲰ] - saying
2ae-gem.	AaBǎB	kamǎm [ⲔⲘⲞⲘS] - to be black
3-lit.	AāBaC	sānat [ⲤⲰⲚⲦ] - found, create
3ae-gem.	AaBCǎC or AǎBCaC	paḥrǎr - running sǎpdad - preparing [ⲤⲞⲂⲦⲈS]
4-lit.	AǎBCaD or AǎBAaB	wǎstan - striding/expanding [ⲞⲨⲞⲤⲦⲚS] sǎlsal [ⲤⲞⲖⲤⲖS] - comforting, encouraging
5-lit.	AaBǎCBaC	saqǎrqar [ⲤⲔⲞⲢⲔⲢS] - rolling

a-Type Infinitives: Intransitives

Some intransitive verbs may model after Form 2. The change in stress seems to be determined by semantic criteria to at least an extent :

jarǎš - become cold [ⲀⲢⲞϢ^S]
marǎš - become red/yellow [ⲘⲢⲞϢ^S]
madǎn - be at rest [ⲘⲦⲞⲚ^S] mdn^MEg - be quiet, mtn^Dem - repose
ḥarǎš - become heavy [ϨⲢⲞϢ^S, ϨⲰⲢϢ- (lit: make heavy) make into a bad state]
naḫǎt - be(come) strong [ⲚϢⲞⲦ^S, ⲚⲞⲨϢⲦ^s. - oppress, do violence]
rawǎd - be glad/eager/ready [ⲞⲨⲢⲞⲦ^S] rwd^MEg - be firm, rwṱ^Dem - be firm, fresh
ḥalǎg - be merry, rejoice [ϨⲖⲞϬ^S - become sweet; take delight] ḥnrg^MEg, ḥɜg^LEg - be merry, rejoice; ḥlk^Dem - sweet
wamǎt - [ⲞⲨⲘⲞⲦ^SB / ⲞⲨⲘⲀⲦ^S] - thicken
ḥaqǎr - become hungry [ϨⲔⲞ].
darāɜ - become strong, firm, victorious [ϪⲢⲞ^SAA2 / ϬⲢⲞ^SB ~ dr^Dem]
waꜥǎb - purifying [OYOΠ^S]
jahǎm - to sigh, groan [ⲀϨⲞⲘ - mourning]
qanǎs - [ⲔⲚⲞⲤ - stinking, stink, be putrid] = etymology is obscure: qnst^Dem - (fem) stinking. May come from qns - slay (which comes from Semitic) [ⲔⲰⲚⲤ - pierce, slay]

• Note: All a-Type verbs utilize the vowel /a/ within its stem- when additions are added to the verb there is sometimes a shift in stress or syncopation occurs to fit in within stress rules- this is why some intransitives have the final syllable accented as there has been final syllable syncopation for syllabic adjustment purposes, so for example:
  

Ⲁ.Ⲛ.ⲀⲢⲞϢ - I became cold (intransitive)

Versus

Ⲁ.Ⲛ.ⲠOⲢϢ.Ϥ - I spread it (transitive)

• Note 2: This same procedure also occurs with i-Type infinitives.

Conclusion & Final Formula

According to the above examples and studies, several conclusions can be had:

• It appears the main infinitival construction followed Templatic Class I: Form 1 and existed for most if not all roots.
  
• The |a < i| vowel replacement is discussed here but to summarize: a theory exists where there was a separate i-Type vocalization specific to the adjective-verb. This i-Type vocalization may have influenced the modification of some ultimae-j/y/ɜ/ꜥ roots.
  
• These generalizations are based upon three major Coptic Infinitival sub-classes of vocalizations: a-Type, i-Type and Stative/Qualitative Adaptations.
  

Examples:

Egyptian Transitive:
gmt.f jn ḥm.f => gǎmtaf n̩ ḥǎmaf - finding him by His Incarnation
tzt.j jb.j => tăzti jǐbi - my lifting up my heart.

Egyptian Intransitive:
prt sm => pǎrat sǎm (párat-sǎm) - the emerging of the sm-priest
prt.s => pārtas - its emerging

Alternative Egyptian Spelling based upon ultimae-j:
pǐrit sǎm => pǐjt sǎm (píjt-sǎm)^{colloquial/LE}
pǐrtas => pītas^{colloquial/LE}

Nominal Forms

Egyptian Nouns which follow Templatic Class I: Form 1 and 2 [these forms may also be indistinguishable with Templatic Class II: Form 1] with an addition of feminine forms which caused alteration of stress and vowel quantity:

Root Class	Formula	Example
2-lit.	AǎB AāBat (fem) AǎBat (fem #2)	sǎn [CONcopt] - brother sānat [CωNEcopt] - sister jǎdat [OOTE - womb] - vulva
3-lit.	AāBaC AaBāCat (fem) AǎBCat (fem #2)	nātar [NOYTEcopt] - god natārat [NTωPEcopt] - goddess rǎnpat [POMΠEcopt] - year
4-lit.	AǎBCaD	nǎmtat [NOMTEcopt - strength, power] - nmttME - step

Stress-tone/accent in nouns with the formation CaCaC(at) can appear to be unpredictable in many Coptic words, fortunately there is usually logic behind why the stress has shifted- for example, the difference between natārat (fem) and rǎnpat (fem #2) is the first formula represents the feminine form of a masculine formation with the feminine marker attached to the root causing the relocation of the stress one syllable to the right and the second formula is rather treated as a regular vocalized 4-lit. root but is a feminine noun. Other-times there is no concise reason.

• List of 2-lit. AǎB roots:
  

zǎp [COΠ^copt] - time, occasion, turn
tǎm(aɜ) [TOM^copt] - mat
kǎɜ [KO^copt] - bull
rǎɜ [PO^copt] - door, mouth, gate, utterance, magic spell, speech
rǎɜ [PO^copt] - goose
tǎɜ [TO^copt] - land, earth
ḫǎɜ [ϢO^copt] - thousand
ḥǎr [ϩO^copt] - face
ḥǎp [ϩOΠ^copt] - feast,; marriage feast, bride-chamber
bǎh [BOϩ, Bωωϩ^{b. copt}] - an idol in Alexandria (probably Buchis, sacred bull of Hermonthis)
gǎs [ϬOC^copt] - half
pǎ(y) [ΠOI^copt - bench] = p^ME - base, throne; py^dem - seat.
sǎɜ [COI^copt] - back (of man or beast)
dǎw [TOOY^copt] - mountain, desert
wǎf(aɜ) [OYOϤ^copt] - lung

• List of 2-lit. AāBat (fem) roots:
  

ɜāḥat [EIωϩE^copt] - field
sāḫat [CωϢE^copt] - field; meadow, country
sāḫat [CωϩE^copt - weave] - plait, weave
dārat [TωPE^copt] - hand
šāpat [ϢωΠE^copt] - cucumber (also sšpt, š(s)pt, špj)
mānat [NOYNE^copt] - root
nārat [NOYPE^copt] - vulture
bādat [BωTE^copt] - emmer (a cereal)
māmat [MOYME^copt] - fountain, spring
nāhat [NOYϩE^copt] - sycamore tree

• List of 2-lit. AǎBat (fem) roots:
  

zǎwat [COOYO^copt, COYA^{f. copt}] - wheat (also corn in Demontic and Coptic)

• List of 3-lit. AāBaC roots:
  

jāt(af) [EIωT^copt] - father
mālaḥ [MOYλϩ^copt] - wax
rāmat [PωΜΕ^copt] - man
nābas [NOYBC^copt - Christ's tree] = nbs^ME/LE - a (type of) tree
qābah [KωBϩ^copt] - sinew, cord
wānaš [OYωNϢ^copt] - wolf
jāpad [ωBT^copt] - goose (or other edible bird); poultry.
jānar [ωNE^copt] - stone
ꜥāb(aw) [ωB^copt] - lettuce
šāꜥ(ay) [Ϣω^copt] - sand
šām(aw) [ϢωM^copt] - summer
ḫāpaš [ϢωΠϢ^copt] - arm, foreleg (of animals)
šādat [ϢωTE^copt] - water hole, well, pit, cistern
šādat [ϢωTE^copt] - dough, flour
sāšan [ϢωϢEN^copt] - lotus (also zššn, sššn)
šāp(aj) [ϢωΠ^copt] - necklet or bracelet
kā(ɜa)m [ϬωM^copt] - garden, vineyard, property
bā(ɜa)k [BωK^copt] - servant
b(aɜ)ākat [BωKI^{b. copt}] - female servant

• List of 3-lit. AaBāCat (fem) forms:
  

jarātat [EPωTE^copt] - milk

• List of 3-lit. AǎBCat (fem #2) roots:
  

jǎbḥat [OBϩE^copt] - tooth
jǎɜdat [EIωTE^copt, yꜥt̪ɜt^dem] - dew
šǎndat[ϢONTE^copt] - thorn tree
m(aɜ)āqat [MOYKE^copt] - ladder

• List of 4-lit. AǎBCaD roots:
  

sǎntar [CONTE^copt - resin] - incense
hǎnmat [ϩONBE^copt] - spring, well
jǎtraw [EIOOP(E)^copt - canal] - river
ḥǎfɜaw [ϩOϤ^copt] - snake

Medial Weak Radicals

• 3.lit forms:
  

kǎɜas [KOEIS^copt - vessel (for liquids)] - a vessel (of metal)
dǎyas [TO(E)IC^copt] - piece, rag (of cloth), linen
tǎwat [TOOYE^copt - shoe; pair of shoes] - sandals.
hǎɜan [ϩOEIM^copt] - wave (original hɜnw, hym^dem)
wǎdaw [BOIT / OYOEIT] - ox; cow [wd - freely moving cattle]

• 4.lit forms:
  

sǎwḥat [COOYϩE ^Copt] - egg
bǎjnat [BOINE ^S.] - harp

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