Convex Combination
Introduction edit
Let be a real vector space. A Linear combination is called a convex combination if all coefficients are from the unit interval [0,1] and the sum of all for the vectors with equals 1:
Convex combinations in the plane edit
When considering convex combinations in the plane, the underlying vector space is the two-dimensional space . First, we consider convex combinations of two vectors in . By the condition , both scalars are dependent on each other. If , then set and , for example.
Convex combinations as mappings into vector space edit
Considering now a mapping , we can generally represent 1st order convex combinations of 2 vectors as follows over the mapping :
Animation of a convex combination of two vectors as a figure edit
Convex combinations of 2 vectors in function spaces edit
Treating convex combination with or provides an illustration in secondary school vector spaces as special linear combinations. However, convex combinations can also be applied to function spaces. For example, let , then and give rise to a new function with:
The subscript in is used because a different function is defined as a function of .
Example of convex combinations of functions edit
Let and as the first function a polynomial is defined.
A trigonometric function is chosen as the second function.
The following figure illustrates the convex combination .
Animation for convex combinations of functions edit
The following animation shows several convex combinations of two given functions[1].
Geogebra: Interactive Applet - Download:' Geogebra-File
Remark - Deformation edit
If the first function describes the initial shape and describes the target shape, convex combinations can be described, for example, in computer graphics for the deformation of an initial shape into a target shape.
Convex combinations of convex combinations edit
In the animation above you can see a convex combination of 2 vectors viewed in the plane or in a function space. If one uses three points then one can create a 1st order convex combination between every two points. We will now consider higher order convex combinations by constructing, for example, a 2nd order convex combination from two 1st order convex combinations. Generally from 2 convex combinations of order one convex combination of order can be formed.
Convex hull edit
The set of all convex combinations of a given set of vectors is called a convex hull (see also p-convex hull).
Video convex combinations in the plane edit
Geogebra: Interactive applet - Download:' Geogebra-File
Remarks Video about convex combinations of order 1, 2 and 3 in Geogebra edit
In the video you can see convex combinations of the
- 1st order between and without auxiliary points,
- 2nd order between and with auxiliary point ,
- 3rd order between and with auxiliary points ,
Convex combinations as polynomials of t edit
Convex combinations can be conceived as polynomials where the coefficients come from a vector space (see also Polynomial Algebra). For example, if one chooses , one can take a convex combination to be an element of Polynomial Algebra .
3D convex combination - 1st order edit
For example, choosing and , a 1st order convex combination is defined as follows.
Thus, a 1st order convex combination yields a polynomial of degree 1. with argument . Represent the convex combination in Geogebra 3D with (see also Representation of a Straight Line by Direction Vector and Location Vector).
3D convex combination - 2nd order edit
Choosing again and with an auxiliary point , two 1st order convex combinations yield 2nd order convex combinations.
Represent as a polynomial and calculate for ( ) the coefficients in .
Bernstein polynomial - order 1 edit
Calculation of the polynomial - order 2 edit
Bernstein polynomial - order 2 edit
Bernstein polynomial - order 3 edit
Task: calculation of the polynomial - order 3 edit
- Calculate the polynomial of degree 3 and derive from it the general formula for the coefficients of . To do this, use the notation and for convex combinations of order between points and with auxiliary points .
- Prove your conjecture by complete induction.
Interactive geogebra worksheet edit
The video shows an interaction with the convex combinations above. From Geogebra, the worksheet created was uploaded to the Geogebra materials page. You can use this directly in your browser at the following link:
Convex combination as a figure edit
A convex combination can be used to interpolate points and . Furthermore, if the auxiliary points ,.... are given for a convex combination -th order. The convex combinations can be generally thought of as mapping from the interval to as follows:
Convex Combinations in Geogebra - Download edit
In Geogebra, you can dynamically visualize the geometric meaning of convex combinations. At the
- GitHub repository you can download.
- Download sample files of convex combinations for Geogebra as a ZIP file.
- The GitHub repository further contains a wxMaxima file for the algebraic calculation of the points lying on the convex combination. Data points from the are also included there, showing that the entire construction of the convex combination can also be applied to the or the .
In the example files convex combinations of two points (vectors ) are treated.
Definition of convex combinations as mappings/curves in vector space edit
1st order convex combination edit
- 1st order convex combination generate all points on the connecting line between the two points .
- .
2nd order convex combination edit
- A 2nd order convex combination arises with another auxiliary points in the plane from the following two 1st order convex combinations:
- (1st order convex combination between )
- (1st order convex combination between )
- (2nd order convex combination. Order between with auxiliary point )
3rd order convex combination edit
A 3rd order convex combination arises with two more auxiliary points in the plane from the following three 1st order convex combinations:
- (1st order convex combination between )
- (1st order convex combination between )
- (1st order convex combination between )
2nd order convex combinations from 1st order KK edit
From the three 1st order convex combinations, construct two 2nd order convex combinations as follows:
- (2nd order convex combination. Order between with auxiliary point )
- (2nd order convex combination. Order between with auxiliary point )
3rd order convex combinations from 2nd order KK edit
From the two 2nd order convex combinations, a 3rd order convex combination is now obtained as follows:
- (2nd order convex combination. Order between with auxiliary points )
Convex combinations of n-th order edit
In general, a convex combination of -th order has.
- auxiliary points
- 1st order convex combinations,
- 2nd order convex combinations,
- ...
- convex combinations -th order,
- ...
- convex combination n-th order,
In 3D graphics, 3rd-order convex combinations are particularly important (see Bezier curves).
Convex combination of functions edit
Let be a domain of definition of functions and be a vector space over the body (e.g. and the set of continuous functions from to . A convex combination of two continuous functions with is defined by:
Where
Convex combinations of more than 2 vectors edit
In the above case, two vectors from the underlying vector space were studied as convex combinations and higher order convex combinations were also constructed. Now the procedure is extended to more than 2 vectors, again using a parametrization over vectors .
Convex combinations of 3 vectors edit
Extend the approach to convex combination with two parameters and vectors via:
and the mapping for the convex combinations into the closed triangle defined by the three vectors :
Convex combinations of 4 vectors edit
For 4 vectors, again use as parameterization
The mapping then represents all vectors from the convex hull of .
Task edit
- (Geogebra) Analyze the Geogebra sample files and describe the importance of the auxiliary points for the shape of the locus line in the Dynamic Geometry Software (DGS) Geogebra.
- What role do the auxiliary points play in creating differentiable interpolations (tangent vectors).
- (Interpolation) Compare Lagrange or Newton interpolations for many data points with interpolation by several 3rd order convex combinations. What are the strengths and weaknesses (oscillation between data points) of the different methods. Veranschaulichen Sie diese mit Geogebra.
Aufgabe - 3. Ordnung und funktionale Darstellung edit
- (Konvexkombination 3-ter Ordnung) Berechnen Sie die Punkte von Konvexkombinationen 3. Ordnung im mit Maxima CAS (siehe auch Maxima Tutorial der FH-Hagen).
K(t):= A * (1-t)^3 + H1 * (1-t)^2 * t + H2 * (1-t) * t^2 + B * t^3
- Definieren Sie die Punkte als 3x1-Matrizen mit:
A : matrix( [-1], [3], [-4] )
- (Unterschied Konvexkombination 3er Ordnung und kubischen Splines) Analysieren Sie Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede von kubischen Splines und Konvexkombinationen 3er Ordnung! Was ist der Anwendungskontext von kubischen Splines? Wann würden Sie Konvexkombinationen verwenden?
Learning Task - Convex combination of Functions edit
- (Convex combination of Functions) Choose and represent the convex combination of and in Geogebra with a slider (analogous to the GIF animation), where and . What do you observe when you move the slider from 0 to 1? is bounded and is unbounded on . What is the property of for ?
- (Convex combinations and polynomialgebras) Summarize the convex combination of order with coefficients from a vector space by powers of and consider the coefficients from the vector space in general. How are the coefficients of the polynomials formed from the points or auxiliary points for the powers? (See also Polynomial algebra and Bezier curves).
Learning Task - Bernstein polynomials and de-Casteljau algorithm edit
- (Bernstein polynomials) Analyze the connection of convex combinations as special linear combinations from linear algebra with Bernstein polynomials and Bezier curves. Bernstein polynomials for a certain degree represent a decomposition of one. Which relation exists concerning a decomposition of one for convex combinations. What is the meaning of a polynomial representation with respect to a decomposition of one?
- (De Casteljau's algorithm) Analyze the De Casteljau's algorithm and explain the role of the Bernstein polynomials as control polynomials for the defining points of the curve.
Interpolations edit
Convex combinations can also be used to interpolate polynomials. Start first with first order interpolations by interpolating the points with straight lines of the form . Here, the points are given data points that are interpolated piecewise using the functions . Compute from the convex combinations the functional representation with :
Calculation of t as a function of x edit
Given . We now compute the corresponding for the convex combination with the preliminary consideration that for and for . The following figure takes the linear transformation .
Calculation of the function value at x edit
The convex combination
gives the interpolation point of the graph. However, we only need the y-coordinate of the corresponding interpolation point . So we use the following term: .
Functional representation edit
Substituting for gives the linear interpolation function over:
- .
Learning Tasks edit
- Calculate the coefficients of the function with !
- Transfer this interpolation to convex combination of order 3 and consider how, depending on the data points, you must choose the two auxiliary points of the interpolation so that the interpolation is differentiable and generates differentiable transitions between the interpolation points in the plot.
- What geometric properties must auxiliary points between two adjacent interpolation intervals have for differentiability.
Interpolation with convex combination of order 3 edit
See also edit
- convex combinations
- p-convex hull
- Mathematical modeling
- [convex combination interactive in GeogebraTube]
- Integration paths in function theory
- Hilbertraum
- [Convex combination and interpolation on triangles in the plane]
- Theorem of Rouché in functional theory
- polynomial algebra
- Bernstein polynomials
- Bezier curves
- De-Casteljau's algorithm
- Measure theory on topological spaces
References edit
- ↑ Bert Niehaus (2022) Convex combination of two functions in a vector space of functions - URL: https://www.geogebra.org/m/kkuufrck (Retrieved 14/01/2022 - 15:20 )