Comparative Teaching of Old Greek and Latin/Lesson 04 Part 2

Comparative Teaching of Old Greek and Latin Lesson 04 Part 2

Translated from the Greek Wikipedia|Wikiversity: "Συγκριτική διδασκαλία των κλασικών γλωσσών / (Comparative Teaching of the Classical Languages)"

LESSON 04 PART 2. The verb. Regular verbs. Present, imperfect, future indicative, active voice.

4.2. Analyse and translate the texts:

(Each text should be separated in periods, each period in sentences and each sentence should be analyzed grammatically and syntacticly and after be translated.)

OLD GREEK

4.2.1. Xenophon's Cyrus' Anabasis, 1, 2, 7-8.

Ἐντεῡθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαινὰς τῆς Φρυγίας, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. Ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἅ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. Διὰ μέσου δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου ῥεῖ ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός. Αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσὶν ἀπὸ τῶν βασιλείων. Ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαιναῖς ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει. Ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον. Τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν.

Vocabulary - comments. Analysis in detail

(Substantives will be given and should be learned with their genitive, adjectives and pronouns with the three genders, adverbs with the three degrees and verbs with their initial tenses - in Latin the present, the perfect, the supine and the present infinitive.)

The text has eight periods. We first find the sentences and clauses of each period, the infinitives and the participles, if there exist any, and then the main basic terms, that is to say, the verb, the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the predicative, provided that of course they exist. The remaining words will be determinations, depending on the kind of word and the term that it determines.

Main basic terms of the 1st period: Ἐντεῡθεν … εὐδαίμονα.

ἐξελαύνει: he goes on, he progresses, verb of the main clause, initial tenses: ἐλαύνω, ἤλαυνον, ἐλῶ (ἐλᾷς, ἐλᾷ, ἐλῶμεν etc) ἤλασα, ἐλήλακα, ἐληλάκειν, of the same root: ελαύνομαι, απελαύνομαι, απέλασις (banishment), παρέλασις (parade), νεήλατος, σφυρήλατος (hammered, forged) ελατήριο (spring), έλασμα, ιχνηλάτης, ποδήλατο (bicycle), σταθμούς, παρασάγγας: stathmos = stopping, station, distance of one day's march, divided in five parasanges, object to the verb, οἰκουμένην: being inhabited, adjectival participle, initial tenses: οἰκοῦμαι, ᾠκούμην, οἰκήσομαι, ᾠκήθην, ᾤκημαι, ᾠκήμην, of the same root: οικέτης (servant), οικία (house), οίκος (house), οἰκήτωρ, διοίκηση (administration), οικήσιμος, structures: οἰκῶ τι, οἰκῶ ἔν τινι.

Determinations of the first period:

ἐντεῦθεν: thence, from there, adverbial determination denoting motion from a place, τρεῖς, εἴκοσιν (twenty), μεγάλην (big), εὐδαίμονα, (rich, happy): adjectival determinations, εἰς Κελαινάς: to kelaines, prepositional determination denoting motion toward a place, πόλιν: city, apposition, τῆς Φρυγίας: of Frygia, genitive possessive.

Analysis of the second period: Ἐνταῦθα … ἵππους.

ἦν (he was), ἐθήρευεν (he hunted), βούλοιτο (he wanted): verbs of the sentence, γυμνάσαι: to train, to exercise, infinitive, object to βούλοιτο, final infinitive (translated by να, ἵνα), βασίλεια: palace, subject to ἦν, attic structure, παράδεισος: garden, subject to ἦν ἐκεῖνος: that, subject to ἐθήρευεν, ἅ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου: subordinate relative clause, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους: subordinate time clause, ἅ, γυμνάσαι, ἑαυτὸν (himself), ἵππους: objects, ἐνταῦθα: there, adverbial determination denoting stopping at a place, Κύρῳ: to Cyrus, dative personal, possessive, μέγας (big), ἀγρίων (wild, fierce), πλήρης (full): adjectival determinations, θηρίων: of beasts, genitive objective, ἀπὸ ἵππου: being on the horse, prepositional determination denoting motion from a place.

Analysis of the third period: Διὰ μέσου … ποταμός.

ῥεῖ: it flows, it streams, verb of the main clause, initial tenses: ῥέω, ἔρρεον, ῥυήσομαι, ἐρρύην, ἐρρύηκα, ἐρρυήκειν, of the same root: ρεύμα (the draught), ροή (the flow), ῥοῦς (the flow), απόρροια (consequence, result), χείμαρρος (the torrent), ῥύμη, ρυθμός (rythm), ρύση, ρείθρο, ρεύση, structures: ῥέω ἐπί τι, εἴς τι, διά τινος, ἔκ τινος, ποταμός: river, subject of the verb, Μαίανδρος: Meander, adjectival determination, διὰ τοῦ παραδείσου: through the garden, prepositional determination denoting motion through a place, μέσου: through the middle of the river, predicative determination.

Analysis of the fourth period: . Ῥεῖ δὲ … πόλεως.

διὰ τῆς πόλεως: through the city, prepositional determination denoting motion through a place, Κελαινῶν: apposition.

Analysis of the fifth period: Αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ … ἀπὸ τῶν βασιλείων.

ἀπὸ τῶν βασιλείων: from the palace, prepositional determination denoting motion from a place, Αἱ πηγαὶ: (the springs), subject.

Analysis of the sixth period: Ἔστι δὲ … ἀκροπόλει.

ἔστι: is, here = there are, attic structure, the verb is in 3rd singular and the subject in neuter plural, present subjunctive: ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, ὦμεν, ἦτε, ὦσι, βασίλεια: palace, subject, βασιλέως, ποταμοῦ: genitive possessive, μεγάλου (big), ἐρυμνά (fortified), Μαρσύου (of river Marsyas): adjectival determinations, ἐν Κελαιναῖς (in Kelaines), ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς (near the springs), ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει (beneath, under the acropolis): prepositional determinations.

Analysis of the seventh period: Ῥεῖ δὲ … τὸν Μαίανδρον.

ῥεῖ (it flows), ἐμβάλλει (it flows into): verbs of the two main clauses, διὰ τῆς πόλεως: (through the city), εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον: prepositional determinations denoting motion through a place and motion toward a place.

Analysis of the eighth period: Τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου … πέντε ποδῶν.

Μαρσύου: genitive possessive, τὸ εὖρός: the width, εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν: having width twenty five feet, genitive of quality.

LATIN

4.2.2. From the old reading-book of the Latin language, 6, 9.

(The accentual marks will enter for facilitation of reading until the thirtieth fifth course.)

Roma’ni, po’pulus bellico’sus, armis et telis pugnant. Arma Romano’rum sunt ga’lea, scutum, lo’rica. Tela sunt pilum, gla’dius et sagi’ttae. Gla’dii Romano’rum non sunt longi, pila sunt longa. Roma’ni in bellis coti’die castra colloca’bant et vallo fossa’que firma’bant. Valla alta et fossae latae erant. Ha’nnibal ante pugnam a’nimos Poeno’rum his verbis infla’mmat: «Nisi fo’rtiter pu-gna’bitis Roma’ni po’pulos A’fricae supera’bunt et campos vico’sque pa’triae vasta’bunt. Ego post pugnam impa’vidos lauda’bo et dona’bo, igna’vos vitupera’bo et castiga’bo».

Vocabulary - comments. Analysis in detail.

The text has nine periods. We first find the sentences and clauses, the infinitives and the participles, if there exist any, and then the main basic terms, that is to say, the verb, the subject, the direct object, the indirect object, the predicative, provided that of course they exist. The remaining words will be determinations, depending on the kind of word and the term that it determines.

Main basic terms of the first period: Roma’ni … pugnant.

pugnant: they fight, verb of the sentence, initial tenses: pugno, -a’vi, -a’tum, -a’re, of the same root: pugna (the fight), pugna’citas, pugna’citer, pugna’culum, pugna’tor (fighter, warrior), pugnato’rius, pugnax (quarrelsome), po’pulus: people, apposition to Romani, po’pulus, -i, m, (people) popu’lus, -i, f, (poplar-tree), bellico’sus: (warlike, bellicose, military), bellico’sus, -a, -um, adjectival determination, armis et telis: by defensive and aggressive arms), ablatives denoting instrument.

Analysis of the second period: Arma Romano’rum … lo’rica.

sunt: they are, initial tenses: sum, fui, esse, present perfect indicative: fui, fui’sti, fuit, fu’imus, fui’stis, fuerunt, past perfect indicative: fu’eram, fu’eras, fu’erat, fuera’mus, fuera’tis, fu’erant, future perfect indicative: fu’ero, fu’eris, fu’erit, fue’rimus, fue’ritis, fu’erint, Romano’rum: of the Romans, genitive possessive, ga’lea (helmet), scutum (shield), lo’rica (thorax): subjects of the verb, arma: arms, predicative.

Analysis of the third period: Tela sunt … sagi’ttae.

Pilum (javelin), gla’dius (sword), sagi’ttae (arrow): subjects of the verb sunt, tela: predicative.

Analysis of the fourth period: Gla’dii … sunt longa.

longi (long), longa (long): predicative.

Analysis of the fifth period: Roma’ni … firma’bant.

colloca’bant (they founded, they established), firma’bant (they fortified): verbs of the two main clauses, in bellis:, during the war, prepositional determination of time, bellum, -i, the war, coti’die: every day, daily, adverbial determination of time, castra: military camp, object, castra, -o’rum, neuter, it is used only in plural, vallo: by trench, fossa:, by ditch : instrumental ablatives, vallum, -i, fossa, -ae, que: and, copulative conjunction.

Analysis of the sixth period: Valla alta …. latae erant.

alta (high),lata (wide, broad): predicatives, altus, -a, -um (high), latus, -a, -um (wide).

Analysis of the seventh period: Ha’nnibal … infla’mmat.

infla’mmat (he excites): verb of the main clause, initial tenses: infla’mmo, -a’vi, -a’tum, -a’re, Ha’nnibal: Hannibal, Ha’nnibal, Hanni’balis, the son of Hamilcar, leader of the people of Carthage, a’nimos: the souls, object, a’nimus, -i,m, related to a’nima, -ae, f, Poeno’rum: of Carthaginians, genitive possessive, Poeni, -o’rum, his verbis: by these words, ablative of manner, verbum, -i, hic, haec, hoc (this), ante pugnam, before the fight, prepositional determination of time, pugna, -ae (fight) ante: before, preposition structured with accusative.

Analysis of the eighth period: Nisi fo’rtiter … vasta’bunt.

supera’bunt (they will win), vasta’bunt (they will devastate), verbs of the two main clauses, nisi (unless) fo’rtiter (bravely) pugna’bitis (you will fight): subordinate if clause, Roma’ni: subject of the two verbs, po’pulos, campos, (the plains), vicos, (villages): objects, nisi pugna’bitis: if you do not fight, verb of the subordinate if clause, fo’rtiter: adverbial determination of manner, A’fricae, pa’triae: genitives possessive.

Analysis of the ninth period: Ego post pugnam … castiga’bo.

lauda’bo (I'll praise), dona’bo (I'll give as present), vitupera’bo (I'll accuse), castiga’bo (I'll punish): verbs of the four main clauses impa’vidos (brave), igna’vos (timid, cowardly)): objects, post pugnam: after the fight, prepositional determination of time, post: after, preposition structured with accusative.

To continue look at: Lesson 04 Part 3

To see the Introduction look at: Introduction