Bengali Language/Nouns
Bengali nouns are typically inflected for case (more on these later) and for number (singular/plural). Unlike a few other language of the sub-continent, Bengali doesn't inflect for gender (i.e., its nouns have no gender). Let's start our study of nouns by looking at these inflections; later lessons will explain how they are actually used.
Inflecting for number
editBengali nouns can be singular and plural. The singular noun is the default form, and is the one typically found in dictionaries. This noun is made plural by adding one of the following two suffixes (endings):
1. Plural suffix গুলি/গুলো/গুলা (guli/gulo/gula)
editObserve the following examples.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| কলম kawlom pen |
কলমগুলি kawlomguli pens |
| বই boi book |
বইগুলি boiguli books |
| গরু goru cow |
গরুগুলি goruguli cows |
| ছেলে chhele boy |
ছেলেগুলি chheleguli boys |
As you can see, the plural ending -গুলি can be applied to inanimate objects (pen, book), animals (cow) or even human beings (boy). When applied to nouns representing animate objects, it conveys a sense of inanimateness, passiveness, disconnect, or even disrespect for them.
The other thing to keep in mind is that গুলি can be replaced by গুলো or গুলা in colloquial or informal usage. None of them is the 'right' or 'universal' way of representing plurality.
2. Plural suffix রা (ra)
editMore often than not this suffix is used for animate objects, as shown in the examples below.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| মানুষ maanush man |
মানুষরা maanushra men |
| নারী naari woman |
নারীরা naarira women |
| মেয়ে meye girl |
মেয়েরা meyera girls |
| ছেলে chhele boy |
ছেলেরা chhelera boys |
As already mentioned, using the inanimate suffix for animate objects is common (especially in newspapers, where the journalists cover subjects impassively).
Articles
editBefore we jump on to how we can inflect nouns for case, we need to learn about the articles used in Bengali.
1. Indefinite article একটি/একটা (ekti/ekta)
editCorresponding to the English article a/an, Bengali has the article একটি, which is often replaced by একটা in colloquial usage. Let's see some examples:
| Noun | Indefinite article + noun |
|---|---|
| মানুষ maanush man |
একটি মানুষ ekti maanush a man |
| নারী naari woman |
একটি নারী ekti naari a woman |
| মেয়ে meye girl |
একটি মেয়ে ekti meye a girl |
| ছেলে chhele boy |
একটি ছেলে ekti chhele a boy |
Note that as with English, the indefinite article can be used with both animate and inanimate objects.
2. (Singular) Definite article টি/টা (ti/ta)
editThe definite article টি (also represented by টা) corresponds to the English article the, but only when referring to singular objects. Observe the examples below:
| Noun | Definite article + noun |
|---|---|
| মানুষ maanush man |
মানুষটি maanushti the man |
| নারী naari woman |
নারীটি naariti the woman |
| মেয়ে meye girl |
মেয়েটি meyeti the girl |
| ছেলে chhele boy |
ছেলেটি chheleti the boy |
3. (Plural) Definite article গুলি/গুলো/গুলা (guli/gulo/gula) or রা (ra)
editYup, you aren't mistaken - the plural form of a noun stays the same when used with the definite article. Hence you would attach গুলি/গুলো/গুলা or রা, depending upon whether the noun is animate or inanimate, for the construction the + (plural noun).
Indeed, in colloquial usage, sometimes the nouns aren't inflected for number unless the definite article is to be used. That is, মেয়ে can represent both girl and girls, but if you want to point out the girls, you would use মেয়েরা (or even মেয়েগুলি).
3. Definite articles with adjectives
editBengali offers an interesting way to refer to objects/beings using a particular adjectival quality, using the definite article suffixes.
Imagine you are at a shop, and you want to buy a shirt for yourself. The shopkeeper offers you their selection, and if you know your pronouns (refer to the chapter on Bengali pronouns), you could just point to the one you like and say "this (one)" or "that (one)". But let's say you are feeling particularly rich that day, so you wish to buy the more expensive one. To refer to your choice then, you could use the Bengali word for 'expensive' (দামি) and combine it with the definite article suffix টা to form দামিটা, which would literally mean "the expensive one". Let's look at some examples to fully understand this concept:
| English | Bengali | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| the expensive (দামি) one | দামিটা | |
| the cheap (সস্তা) ones | সস্তাগুলো | The plural definite suffix is used here to refer to multiple objects. |
| the poor (গরিব) one | গরিব | No suffix is used for a singular animate object. |
| the rich (ধনী) ones | ধনীরা | The plural definite suffix for animate objects is used here. |
Inflecting for case
editAs mentioned before, Bengali nouns need to be inflected for case, of which Bengali has primarily four:
- Nominative: Used to denote the subject(s) of a finite verb.
- Objective: Although typically used to indicate only the direct object of a transitive verb, in Bengal it is used to indicate the indirect object as well.
- Locative: Used to indicate the physical or temporal location of the subject(s) or object(s).
- Genitive: Used to indicate the possession of a noun.
These cases are all denoted with markers (with the exception of the nominative case, which requires no change to the noun); these markers are preceded by the definite articles (for singular or plural nouns) when necessary. The table below lists all the markers, for both animate and inanimate objects:
| Case Marker | Animate | Inanimate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nominative | - | ছেলেটি/ছেলেটা
the boy |
ছেলেরা
the boys |
কলমটি/কলমটা
the pen |
কলমগুলো
the pens |
| Objective | কে (singular)
দেরকে (plural) |
ছেলেটিকে/ছেলেটাকে
(to) the boy |
ছেলেদেরকে
(to) the boys |
– | – |
| Genitive | র (singular animate)
দের (plural animate) র (singular inanimate) র (plural inanimate) |
ছেলেটির/ছেলেটার
the boy's |
ছেলেদের
the boys' |
কলমটির/কলমটার
the pen's |
কলমগুলোর
the pens' |
| Locative | তে/য় (singular inanimate)
তে (plural inanimate) |
– | – | কলমটিতে/কলমটায়
(in/on) the pen |
কলমগুলোতে
(in/on) the pens |
Lots of things to unpack here; let's take a closer look.
- The objective case cannot be inflected on inanimate objects. This simply means that when an inanimate object is the direct object of a verb, there is no need to inflect it for case. For example, in আমি আমার ছেলেকে খুঁজছি (I am looking for my son), notice that the word ছেলেকে is inflected since it's the direct object. But the same sentence, with a কলম (pen) instead of "the son", yields আমি আমার কলম খুঁজছি. Note how the word for 'pen' (কলম) isn't inflected.
- Similarly, the locative case doesn't apply to animate objects - again, this implies that animate objects need not be inflected, but this is even simpler in practice since you wouldn't ever be "located" in/at/on an animate object anyway.
- Speaking of the locative case, note that it can actually have three different endings, depending on the last sound of a noun: If the noun ends in a consonant, the marker is simply – ে ("-e"); if the noun ends in a vowel other than – া ("-a"), the marker is -তে; and finally, if the noun ends with – া ("-a"), the marker is -য়. This is evident in the examples কলমটি and কলমগুলো - because they end in vowels other than "a", the -তে marker is used. Meanwhile, for কলমটা we use the -য় marker (because it ends in "a").
- A similar thing happens in the genitive case, where for nouns ending with a consonant we use the ending – ে + র ("-er") after removing the inherent vowel from the final consonant. This can never happen in our example because it has the definite article attached to it (which always ends in a vowel), but consider if that wasn't the case. For the word কলম, the genitive inflection would be কলমের (and not কলমর).
In the upcoming chapters, as we learn building sentences using verbs in different sentences, you will observe how crucial inflections are in determining the meaning of a sentence.