Aflatoxin/Quiz 1

Sociodemographic information

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1 What is your gender?

	Male.
	Female.
	Prefer not to say.

2 What is your age?

3 Are you married?

	Yes
	No
	Prefer not to say

4 What is the highest degree or level of education you have completed?

	Lower primary school (grades 1-3)
	Middle primary school (grades 4-5)
	Secondary school (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE))
	Post-secondary (Variety of post-secondary diplomas and certificates from technical training institutes and institutes of technology)
	Vocational (Variety of Certificates and Craft Certificates)
	Bachelor
	Master
	Doctorate
	None of these
	Prefer not to say

5 In which district/s is/are your farm/s located?

	Baringo
	Bomet
	Bungoma
	Busia
	Elgeyo-Marakwet
	Embu
	Garissa
	Homa Bay
	Isiolo
	Kajiado
	Kakamega
	Kericho
	Kiambu
	Kilifi
	Kirinyaga
	Kisii
	Kisumu
	Kitui
	Kwale
	Laikipia
	Lamu
	Machakos
	Makueni
	Mandera
	Marsabit
	Meru
	Migori
	Mombasa (County)
	Murang'a
	Nairobi (County)
	Nakuru
	Nandi
	Narok
	Nyamira
	Nyandarua
	Nyeri
	Samburu
	Siaya
	Taita–Taveta
	Tana River
	Tharaka-Nithi
	Trans-Nzoia
	Turkana
	Uasin Gishu
	Vihiga
	Wajir
	West Pokot
	Prefer not to say

6 Do you live on (one of) your farm(s)?

	Yes
	No
	Prefer not to say

7 Where do you live

	Same county as farm(s) (rural)
	Same county as farm(s) (city)
	Other county as farm(s) (rural)
	Other county as farm(s) (city)
	Nairobi
	Outside Kenya
	Prefer not to say

Agricultural practice

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1 How large is your total farming area?

	< 5 ha
	5 - 50 ha
	> 50 ha
	Prefer not to say

2 What crops do you produce in the actual season? Multiple selections possible.

	Maize
	Sorghum
	Pearl millet
	Rice
	Wheat
	Cassava
	Yam
	Sweet potatoe
	Potatoe
	Beans
	Chickpea
	Soybean
	Peanut
	Almond
	Brazil nut
	Pistachio
	Walnut
	Macadamia
	Pecans
	Coconut
	Cashew
	Sunflower seeds
	Cotton seeds
	Sesame seeds
	Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots)
	Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger)
	None of these
	Others

3 What crops did you cultivivate the last two years? Multiple selections possible.

	Maize
	Sorghum
	Pearl millet
	Rice
	Wheat
	Cassava
	Yam
	Sweet potatoe
	Potatoe
	Beans
	Chickpea
	Soybean
	Peanut
	Almond
	Brazil nut
	Pistachio
	Walnut
	Macadamia
	Pecans
	Coconut
	Cashew
	Sunflower seeds
	Cotton seeds
	Sesame seeds
	Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots)
	Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger)
	None of these
	Others

4 Have you encountered any pests or diseases in your growing area in the last two years? If yes, what type of symptoms? Multiple answers possible.

	Wadded white or colored coatings on fruits
	Exfoliation (removal or loss of leaves)
	Root rot
	Leaf ulcers
	Plant death
	Die-back of shoot-tips
	Failure of plants to thrive such as a reduction in growth or low production
	Low germination rates
	Yellow, black, brown or orange spots on leaves
	Unusual markings, deformations or colouration on leaves or fruit
	Leaf curling
	Galls
	Early fruit drop
	Stick slime on the surface of shoots
	Blossom blight where blossoms appear water-soaked and turn brown or black
	Shoot blight
	Fruit with insect maggots
	None of these

5 What agricultural practices do you apply? Multiple selections possible.

	Organic fertilization
	Mineral fertilization
	In situ green manuring by growing pulse crops like cowpea, horse gram, sunn hemp etc.
	Irrigation (maybe
	Conventional tillage
	Conservation tillage
	AflaSafe
	Push-Pull
	Crop rotation
	Fungicides
	Insecticides
	Herbicides
	Organic mulching (straw, crop residues etc)
	Plastic mulching
	Intercropping
	Crop residue removal
	None of these

6 What do you do during harvest? Multiple selections possible.

	Harvesting with clean containers
	Harvesting with clean tools / machines
	Not harvesting plants with damaged fruits / grains
	Frequently checking of crop moisture prior harvest
	Avoiding contact of crops with soil
	None of these

7 How do you treat your crop after harvest? Multiple selections possible.

	Do not store freshly harvested produce in piles for more than a few hours prior to drying or threshing
	Cleaning freshly harvested crops
	Remove damaged crops and other foreign matter
	Maintaining air circulation through the grain storage area
	Store crops at dry conditions
	Protection of stock from rain
	Protection of stock from vermin (rodents, birds, insects)
	Cooling the crops as quickly as possible after drying
	Storing crops at relatively constant temperature
	Storing crops above the floor or with a water-impermeable layer
	Checking moisture content of grain at regular intervals
	Checking the temperature of stored grain at regular intervals
	Using insecticides
	Using fungicides
	Cleaning of storage area frequently
	None of these

8 Do livestock graze on your agricultural land (including livestock grazing on crop residue)?

	Yes, most time of year
	Yes, but lifestock only graze on crop residues post-harvest
	No

9 Do you consume and/or trade your crops?

	Mainly in-house consumption of crops, none or only a minority of crops are traded
	In-house consumption of crops, but most of the crops are traded
	No in-house consumption, everything is traded

10 Where do you sell your crops? Multiple selections possible.

	NCPB depots/stores
	Retail stores
	Farmer stores
	Market stores
	Others
	None

11 What do you do with crops not suitable for trading on food market (e.g. heavyly moldy) or crop risidues? Multiple selections possible.

	In-house consumption
	Feeding to cattle
	Incorporation into soil
	Spreading on the field for superficial rotting
	Burning
	Sell to the non-food industries
	None of these

Molds and mycotoxins.

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1 Have you ever heard of mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, Fusarium toxins)?

	Yes
	No

2 Do you think mold contamination affect the quality of farm crops and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

	Change in color
	Change in taste
	Change in smell
	Adverse acute reactions after consumption e.g. allergic reaction, gastrointestinal problems
	Reduced harvest quantities
	Reduced market value
	No effect on quality

3 Do you think molds and mycotoxins may pose harmful effects to humans and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

	Vomiting
	Diarrhea
	Allergic reactions
	Infertility
	Damage the foetus
	Damage the infants
	Damage the childrens
	Cancer
	Damage to organs (e.g. liver, kindney)
	Death
	No / minimal risk to human health

4 Do you think that feeding moldy plant material (crops and crop residues) can have harmful effects on livestock and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

	Reduced production of milk or eggs
	Reduced weight gain and growth
	Reduced feeding
	Causes fever
	Causes diarrhea or other gastrointestinal disturbances
	Creates ulcers and sores
	Causes death
	Damage the foetus
	Damage the juveniles
	No / minimal risk to animal health

5 At what stage of crop production can mold contamination occur? Multiple selections possible.

	Pre-Harvest
	During Harvest
	Post-Harvest
	Don’t know

6 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth pre-harvest? Multiple answers possible.

	High temperature
	Low temperature
	Drought
	Wetness / Overwatering
	Poor seeds or saplings
	Repeated planting of the same crop on the same plot of land
	Insect pests
	Sowing or planting in a field that still contain old crop residues
	Insufficient inter-plant spacing, too dense plantation
	insufficient weed control, too many weeds
	None of these

7 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth during harvest? Multiple answers possible.

	Harvesting with dirty containers (soil, dust)
	Harvesting with moist containers
	Harvesting with moldy containers
	Harvesting with insect-infested containers
	Damaging of grain or harvest products during harvest
	If soil remains on the harvested products after harvesting
	Rain during harvest
	Early harvest
	Late harvest
	inadequate separation of crop and crop residues
	None of these

8 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth post-harvest? Multiple answers possible.

	Storage of wet, freshly harvested crops for longer periods
	Storage in a wet environment
	Limited air circulation during storage
	Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rain / groundwater
	Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rodents or insects
	Rodents, Oultry or other birds in the storage area
	Storage in moist containers
	Storage in moldy containers
	Storage in dirty containers (e.g. soil)
	Storage in insect-infested containers
	Storing containers directly on the floor
	None of these