Sociodemographic information

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1 What is your gender?

Male.
Female.
Prefer not to say.

2 What is your age?

3 Are you married?

Yes
No
Prefer not to say

4 What is the highest degree or level of education you have completed?

Lower primary school (grades 1-3)
Middle primary school (grades 4-5)
Secondary school (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE))
Post-secondary (Variety of post-secondary diplomas and certificates from technical training institutes and institutes of technology)
Vocational (Variety of Certificates and Craft Certificates)
Bachelor
Master
Doctorate
None of these
Prefer not to say

5 In which district/s is/are your farm/s located?

Baringo
Bomet
Bungoma
Busia
Elgeyo-Marakwet
Embu
Garissa
Homa Bay
Isiolo
Kajiado
Kakamega
Kericho
Kiambu
Kilifi
Kirinyaga
Kisii
Kisumu
Kitui
Kwale
Laikipia
Lamu
Machakos
Makueni
Mandera
Marsabit
Meru
Migori
Mombasa (County)
Murang'a
Nairobi (County)
Nakuru
Nandi
Narok
Nyamira
Nyandarua
Nyeri
Samburu
Siaya
Taita–Taveta
Tana River
Tharaka-Nithi
Trans-Nzoia
Turkana
Uasin Gishu
Vihiga
Wajir
West Pokot
Prefer not to say

6 Do you live on (one of) your farm(s)?

Yes
No
Prefer not to say

7 Where do you live

Same county as farm(s) (rural)
Same county as farm(s) (city)
Other county as farm(s) (rural)
Other county as farm(s) (city)
Nairobi
Outside Kenya
Prefer not to say


Agricultural practice

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1 How large is your total farming area?

< 5 ha
5 - 50 ha
> 50 ha
Prefer not to say

2 What crops do you produce in the actual season? Multiple selections possible.

Maize
Sorghum
Pearl millet
Rice
Wheat
Cassava
Yam
Sweet potatoe
Potatoe
Beans
Chickpea
Soybean
Peanut
Almond
Brazil nut
Pistachio
Walnut
Macadamia
Pecans
Coconut
Cashew
Sunflower seeds
Cotton seeds
Sesame seeds
Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots)
Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger)
None of these
Others

3 What crops did you cultivivate the last two years? Multiple selections possible.

Maize
Sorghum
Pearl millet
Rice
Wheat
Cassava
Yam
Sweet potatoe
Potatoe
Beans
Chickpea
Soybean
Peanut
Almond
Brazil nut
Pistachio
Walnut
Macadamia
Pecans
Coconut
Cashew
Sunflower seeds
Cotton seeds
Sesame seeds
Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots)
Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger)
None of these
Others

4 Have you encountered any pests or diseases in your growing area in the last two years? If yes, what type of symptoms? Multiple answers possible.

Wadded white or colored coatings on fruits
Exfoliation (removal or loss of leaves)
Root rot
Leaf ulcers
Plant death
Die-back of shoot-tips
Failure of plants to thrive such as a reduction in growth or low production
Low germination rates
Yellow, black, brown or orange spots on leaves
Unusual markings, deformations or colouration on leaves or fruit
Leaf curling
Galls
Early fruit drop
Stick slime on the surface of shoots
Blossom blight where blossoms appear water-soaked and turn brown or black
Shoot blight
Fruit with insect maggots
None of these

5 What agricultural practices do you apply? Multiple selections possible.

Organic fertilization
Mineral fertilization
In situ green manuring by growing pulse crops like cowpea, horse gram, sunn hemp etc.
Irrigation (maybe
Conventional tillage
Conservation tillage
AflaSafe
Push-Pull
Crop rotation
Fungicides
Insecticides
Herbicides
Organic mulching (straw, crop residues etc)
Plastic mulching
Intercropping
Crop residue removal
None of these

6 What do you do during harvest? Multiple selections possible.

Harvesting with clean containers
Harvesting with clean tools / machines
Not harvesting plants with damaged fruits / grains
Frequently checking of crop moisture prior harvest
Avoiding contact of crops with soil
None of these

7 How do you treat your crop after harvest? Multiple selections possible.

Do not store freshly harvested produce in piles for more than a few hours prior to drying or threshing
Cleaning freshly harvested crops
Remove damaged crops and other foreign matter
Maintaining air circulation through the grain storage area
Store crops at dry conditions
Protection of stock from rain
Protection of stock from vermin (rodents, birds, insects)
Cooling the crops as quickly as possible after drying
Storing crops at relatively constant temperature
Storing crops above the floor or with a water-impermeable layer
Checking moisture content of grain at regular intervals
Checking the temperature of stored grain at regular intervals
Using insecticides
Using fungicides
Cleaning of storage area frequently
None of these

8 Do livestock graze on your agricultural land (including livestock grazing on crop residue)?

Yes, most time of year
Yes, but lifestock only graze on crop residues post-harvest
No

9 Do you consume and/or trade your crops?

Mainly in-house consumption of crops, none or only a minority of crops are traded
In-house consumption of crops, but most of the crops are traded
No in-house consumption, everything is traded

10 Where do you sell your crops? Multiple selections possible.

NCPB depots/stores
Retail stores
Farmer stores
Market stores
Others
None

11 What do you do with crops not suitable for trading on food market (e.g. heavyly moldy) or crop risidues? Multiple selections possible.

In-house consumption
Feeding to cattle
Incorporation into soil
Spreading on the field for superficial rotting
Burning
Sell to the non-food industries
None of these


Molds and mycotoxins.

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1 Have you ever heard of mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, Fusarium toxins)?

Yes
No

2 Do you think mold contamination affect the quality of farm crops and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

Change in color
Change in taste
Change in smell
Adverse acute reactions after consumption e.g. allergic reaction, gastrointestinal problems
Reduced harvest quantities
Reduced market value
No effect on quality

3 Do you think molds and mycotoxins may pose harmful effects to humans and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Allergic reactions
Infertility
Damage the foetus
Damage the infants
Damage the childrens
Cancer
Damage to organs (e.g. liver, kindney)
Death
No / minimal risk to human health

4 Do you think that feeding moldy plant material (crops and crop residues) can have harmful effects on livestock and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.

Reduced production of milk or eggs
Reduced weight gain and growth
Reduced feeding
Causes fever
Causes diarrhea or other gastrointestinal disturbances
Creates ulcers and sores
Causes death
Damage the foetus
Damage the juveniles
No / minimal risk to animal health

5 At what stage of crop production can mold contamination occur? Multiple selections possible.

Pre-Harvest
During Harvest
Post-Harvest
Don’t know

6 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth pre-harvest? Multiple answers possible.

High temperature
Low temperature
Drought
Wetness / Overwatering
Poor seeds or saplings
Repeated planting of the same crop on the same plot of land
Insect pests
Sowing or planting in a field that still contain old crop residues
Insufficient inter-plant spacing, too dense plantation
insufficient weed control, too many weeds
None of these

7 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth during harvest? Multiple answers possible.

Harvesting with dirty containers (soil, dust)
Harvesting with moist containers
Harvesting with moldy containers
Harvesting with insect-infested containers
Damaging of grain or harvest products during harvest
If soil remains on the harvested products after harvesting
Rain during harvest
Early harvest
Late harvest
inadequate separation of crop and crop residues
None of these

8 What conditions do you think can promote mold growth post-harvest? Multiple answers possible.

Storage of wet, freshly harvested crops for longer periods
Storage in a wet environment
Limited air circulation during storage
Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rain / groundwater
Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rodents or insects
Rodents, Oultry or other birds in the storage area
Storage in moist containers
Storage in moldy containers
Storage in dirty containers (e.g. soil)
Storage in insect-infested containers
Storing containers directly on the floor
None of these