120-cell

In geometry, the 120-cell is the convex regular 4-polytope (four-dimensional analogue of a Platonic solid) with Schläfli symbol {5,3,3}. It is also called a C₁₂₀, dodecaplex (short for "dodecahedral complex"), hyperdodecahedron, polydodecahedron, hecatonicosachoron, dodecacontachoron and hecatonicosahedroid.

120-cell
Schlegel diagram (vertices and edges)
Type	Convex regular 4-polytope
Schläfli symbol	{5,3,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	120 {5,3}
Faces	720 {5}
Edges	1200
Vertices	600
Vertex figure	tetrahedron
Petrie polygon	30-gon
Coxeter group	H4, [3,3,5]
Dual	600-cell
Properties	convex, isogonal, isotoxal, isohedral

There is a newer version of this article in Wikipedia. Please read and edit the 120-cell article on Wikipedia. This version was a draft of an update to the Wikipedia article of the same name. It was originally derived from W:120-cell by copying that article (with all its history) to Wikiversity. After a long period of editing at Wikiversity, and substantial expansion, portions of it were merged back into W:120-cell. Those portions are no longer being maintained at Wikiversity and may be out of date in this version. Other portions of this version, not yet merged back into W:120-cell, remain incomplete and under development here for future inclusion in W:120-cell.

Net

The boundary of the 120-cell is composed of 120 dodecahedral cells with 4 meeting at each vertex. Together they form 720 pentagonal faces, 1200 edges, and 600 vertices. It is the 4-dimensional analogue of the regular dodecahedron, since just as a dodecahedron has 12 pentagonal facets, with 3 around each vertex, the dodecaplex has 120 dodecahedral facets, with 3 around each edge. Its dual polytope is the 600-cell.

Geometry

The 120-cell incorporates the geometries of every convex regular polytope in the first four dimensions (except the polygons {7} and above). As the sixth and largest regular convex 4-polytope, it contains inscribed instances of its four predecessors (recursively). It also contains 120 inscribed instances of the first in the sequence, the 5-cell, which is not found in any of the others. The 120-cell is a four-dimensional Swiss Army knife: it contains one of everything.

It is daunting but instructive to study the 120-cell, because it contains examples of every relationship among all the convex regular polytopes found in the first four dimensions. Conversely, it can only be understood by first understanding each of its predecessors, and the sequence of increasingly complex symmetries they exhibit. That is why Stillwell titled his paper on the 4-polytopes and the history of mathematics of more than 3 dimensions The Story of the 120-cell.

Regular convex 4-polytopes
Symmetry group	A4	B4		F4	H4
Name	5-cell Hyper-tetrahedron 5-point	16-cell Hyper-octahedron 8-point	8-cell Hyper-cube 16-point	24-cell 24-point	600-cell Hyper-icosahedron 120-point	120-cell Hyper-dodecahedron 600-point
Schläfli symbol	{3, 3, 3}	{3, 3, 4}	{4, 3, 3}	{3, 4, 3}	{3, 3, 5}	{5, 3, 3}
Coxeter mirrors
Mirror dihedrals	𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2	𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/4 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2	𝝅/4 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2	𝝅/3 𝝅/4 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2	𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/5 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2	𝝅/5 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2
Graph
Vertices	5 tetrahedral	8 octahedral	16 tetrahedral	24 cubical	120 icosahedral	600 tetrahedral
Edges	10 triangular	24 square	32 triangular	96 triangular	720 pentagonal	1200 triangular
Faces	10 triangles	32 triangles	24 squares	96 triangles	1200 triangles	720 pentagons
Cells	5 tetrahedra	16 tetrahedra	8 cubes	24 octahedra	600 tetrahedra	120 dodecahedra
Tori	1 5-tetrahedron	2 8-tetrahedron	2 4-cube	4 6-octahedron	20 30-tetrahedron	12 10-dodecahedron
Inscribed	120 in 120-cell	675 in 120-cell	2 16-cells	3 8-cells	25 24-cells	10 600-cells
Great polygons	5 unigons x 3	2 squares x 3	4 rectangles x 3	4 hexagons x 4	12 decagons x 6	100 irregular hexagons x 4
Petrie polygons	1 pentagon	1 octagon	2 octagons	2 dodecagons	4 30-gons	20 30-gons
Clifford polygons	3 √5/2 pentagrams	6 8𝝅 √4 octagrams	12 √3 octagrams	16 4𝝅 √3 hexagrams	40 5𝝅 √1 15-grams	240 √5/2 15-grams
Long radius	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$	$1$
Edge length	${\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}\approx 1.581$	${\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.414$	$1$	$1$	${\tfrac {1}{\phi }}\approx 0.618$	${\tfrac {1}{\phi ^{2}{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 0.270$
Short radius	${\tfrac {1}{4}}$	${\tfrac {1}{2}}$	${\tfrac {1}{2}}$	${\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2}}}\approx 0.707$	${\sqrt {\tfrac {\phi ^{4}}{8}}}\approx 0.926$	${\sqrt {\tfrac {\phi ^{4}}{8}}}\approx 0.926$
Area	$10\left({\tfrac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\right)\approx 10.825$	$32\left({\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{4}}}\right)\approx 27.713$	$24$	$96\left({\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{16}}}\right)\approx 41.569$	$1200\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {3}}{4\phi ^{2}}}\right)\approx 198.48$	$720\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {25+10{\sqrt {5}}}}{8\phi ^{4}}}\right)\approx 90.366$
Volume	$5\left({\tfrac {5{\sqrt {5}}}{24}}\right)\approx 2.329$	$16\left({\tfrac {1}{3}}\right)\approx 5.333$	$8$	$24\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {2}}{3}}\right)\approx 11.314$	$600\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {2}}{12\phi ^{3}}}\right)\approx 16.693$	$120\left({\tfrac {15+7{\sqrt {5}}}{4\phi ^{6}{\sqrt {8}}}}\right)\approx 18.118$
4-Content	${\tfrac {\sqrt {5}}{24}}\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {5}}{2}}\right)^{4}\approx 0.146$	${\tfrac {2}{3}}\approx 0.667$	$1$	$2$	${\tfrac {{\text{Short}}\times {\text{Vol}}}{4}}\approx 3.863$	${\tfrac {{\text{Short}}\times {\text{Vol}}}{4}}\approx 4.193$

Natural Cartesian coordinates for a 4-polytope centered at the origin of 4-space occur in different frames of reference, depending on the long radius (center-to-vertex) chosen.

√8 radius Cartesian coordinates

The 120-cell with long radius √8 = 2√2 ≈ 2.828 has edge length 2/φ² = 3−√5 ≈ 0.764.

In this frame of reference, its 600 vertex coordinates are the {permutations} and [even permutations] of the following:

({0, 0, ±2, ±2})	24-point 24-cell	600-point 120-cell
({±1, ±1, ±1, ±√5})
({±φ−2, ±φ, ±φ, ±φ})
({±φ−1, ±φ−1, ±φ−1, ±φ2})
([0, ±φ−2, ±1, ±φ2])
([0, ±φ−1, ±φ, ±√5])
([±φ−1, ±1, ±φ, ±2])

where φ (also called τ) is the golden ratio, 1 + √5/2 ≈ 1.618.

Unit radius Cartesian coordinates

The unit-radius 120-cell has edge length 1/φ²√2 ≈ 0.270.

In this frame of reference the 120-cell lies vertex up, and its coordinates are the {permutations} and [even permutations] in the left column below:

({±1, 0, 0, 0})	8-point 16-cell	24-point 24-cell	120-point 600-cell	600-point 120-cell
({±1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2})	16-point tesseract
([±φ/2, ±1/2, ±φ−1/2, 0])	96-point snub 24-cell
({±1/√2, ±1/√2, 0, 0}) ({±φ−1/√8, ±φ−1/√8, ±φ−1/√8, ±φ−1/√8}) ({±1/√8, ±1/√8, ±1/√8, ±√5/√8})	5-point 5-cell: ({1, 0, 0, 0}) ({−1/4, √5/4, √5/4, √5/4}) ({−1/4, −√5/4, −√5/4, √5/4}) ({−1/4, −√5/4, √5/4, −√5/4}) ({−1/4, √5/4, −√5/4, −√5/4})	({±1/√2, ±1/√2, 0, 0})	({±1, 0, 0, 0}) ({±1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2, ±1/2}) ([±φ/2, ±1/2, ±φ−1/2, 0])

The unit-radius coordinates of the 600 vertices of the 120-cell (in the left column above) are obtained by multiplying all possible quaternion products of the 5 vertices of the 5-cell, the 24 vertices of the 24-cell, and the 120 vertices of the 600-cell (in the middle three columns above).

The chart gives the coordinates of one instance of each of the inscribed 4-polytopes, but the 120-cell contains multiple inscribed instances of each of its precursor 4-polytopes, occupying different subsets of its vertices. The (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (120-point) 600-cells. Each (120-point) 600-cell is the convex hull of 5 disjoint (24-point) 24-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 25 disjoint 24-cells. Each 24-cell is the convex hull of 3 disjoint (8-point) 16-cells, so the 120-cell is the convex hull of 75 disjoint 16-cells. Uniquely, the (600-point) 120-cell is the convex hull of 120 disjoint (5-point) 5-cells.

Structure

Vertex adjacency

Considering the adjacency matrix of the vertices representing its polyhedral graph, the graph diameter connecting each vertex to its coordinate-negation (antipodal vertex) is 15, and there are 24 different paths to connect them along the polytope edges. From each vertex, there are 4 vertices at distance 1, 12 at distance 2, 24 at distance 3, 36 at distance 4, 52 at distance 5, 68 at distance 6, 76 at distance 7, 78 at distance 8, 72 at distance 9, 64 at distance 10, 56 at distance 11, 40 at distance 12, 12 at distance 13, 4 at distance 14, and 1 at distance 15. The adjacency matrix has 27 distinct unit-radius eigenvalues (chord lengths) ranging from 1/√2φ² ≈ 0.270 with a multiplicity of 4, to 2 with a multiplicity of 1. The multiplicity of eigenvalue 0 is 18, and the rank of the adjacency matrix is 582.

The vertices of the 120-cell polyhedral graph are 3-colorable.

It has not been published whether the graph is Hamiltonian or Eulerian or both or neither.

Cell clusters

Polyhedral sections beginning with a cell.

Geodesics

..

The 1200 √5/√2 ≈ 1.581 chords are the edges of the 120 disjoint 5-cells inscribed in the 120-cell.

..

The √4 chords occur as 300 long diameters (675 sets of 4 orthogonal axes, with each axis occurring in 9 sets), the 600 long radii of the 120-cell. The √4 chords join opposite vertices which are five √0.𝚫 chords apart on a geodesic great circle. There are 10 distinct but overlapping sets of 60 diameters, each comprising one of the 10 inscribed 600-cells.

The sum of the squared lengths of all these distinct chords of the 120-cell is 360,000 = 600².

Constructions

The 120-cell is the sixth in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity). It can be deconstructed into ten overlapping instances of its immediate predecessor (and dual) the 600-cell, just as the 600-cell can be deconstructed into twenty-five overlapping instances of its immediate predecessor the 24-cell, the 24-cell can be deconstructed into three overlapping instances of its predecessor the 8-cell (tesseract), and the 8-cell can be deconstructed into two overlapping instances of its predecessor the 16-cell.

The reverse procedure to construct each of these from an instance of its predecessor preserves the radius of the predecessor, but generally produces a successor with a smaller edge length. The 600-cell's edge length is ~0.618 times its radius (the inverse golden ratio), but the 120-cell's edge length is ~0.270 times its radius.

Dual 600-cells

Five tetrahedra inscribed in a dodecahedron. Five opposing tetrahedra (not shown) can also be inscribed.

Since the 120-cell is the dual of the 600-cell, it can be constructed from the 600-cell by placing its 600 vertices at the center of volume of each of the 600 tetrahedral cells. From a 600-cell of unit long radius, this results in a 120-cell of slightly smaller long radius (φ²/√8 ≈ 0.926) and edge length of exactly 1/4. Thus the unit-edge-length 120-cell (with long radius √2φ² ≈ 3.702) can be constructed in this manner just inside a 600-cell of long radius 4.

One of the five distinct cubes inscribed in the dodecahedron (dashed lines). Two opposing tetrahedra (not shown) lie inscribed in each cube, so ten distinct tetrahedra (one from each 600-cell in the 120-cell) are inscribed in the dodecahedron.

Reciprocally, the 120-cell whose coordinates are given above of long radius √8 = 2√2 ≈ 2.828 and edge length 2/φ² = 3−√5 ≈ 0.764 can be constructed just outside a 600-cell of slightly smaller long radius, by placing the center of each dodecahedral cell at one of the 120 600-cell vertices. The 600-cell must have long radius φ², which is smaller than √8 in the same ratio of ≈ 0.926; it is in the golden ratio to the edge length of the 600-cell, so that must be φ.

Cell rotations of inscribed duals

Since the 120-cell contains inscribed 600-cells, it contains its own dual of the same radius. The 120-cell contains five disjoint 600-cells (ten overlapping inscribed 600-cells of which we can pick out five disjoint 600-cells in two different ways), so it can be seen as a compound of five of its own dual (in two ways). The vertices of each inscribed 600-cell are vertices of the 120-cell, and (dually) each dodecahedral cell center is a tetrahedral cell center in each of the inscribed 600-cells.

The dodecahedral cells of the 120-cell have tetrahedral cells of the 600-cells inscribed in them. As two opposing tetrahedra can be inscribed in a cube, and five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron, ten tetrahedra in five cubes can be inscribed in a dodecahedron: two opposing sets of five, with each set covering all 20 vertices and each vertex in two tetrahedra (one from each set, but not the opposing pair obviously). This shows that the 120-cell contains, among its many interior features, 120 compounds of ten tetrahedra.

All ten tetrahedra can be generated by two chiral five-click rotations of any one tetrahedron. In each dodecahedral cell, one tetrahedral cell comes from each of the ten 600-cells inscribed in the 120-cell. Therefore the whole 120-cell, with all ten inscribed 600-cells, can be generated from just one 600-cell by rotating its cells.

Augmentation

Another consequence of the 120-cell containing inscribed 600-cells is that it is possible to construct it by placing 4-pyramids of some kind on the cells of the 600-cell. These tetrahedral pyramids must be quite irregular in this case (with the apex blunted into several 'apexes'), but we can discern their shape in the way a tetrahedron lies inscribed in a dodecahedron.

Only 120 tetrahedral cells of each 600-cell can be inscribed in the 120-cell's dodecahedra; its other 480 tetrahedra span dodecahedral cells. Each dodecahedron-inscribed tetrahedron is the center cell of a cluster of five tetrahedra, with the four others face-bonded around it lying only partially within the dodecahedron. The central tetrahedron is edge-bonded to an additional 12 tetrahedral cells, also lying only partially within the dodecahedron. The central cell is vertex-bonded to 40 other tetrahedral cells which lie entirely outside the dodecahedron.

As a configuration

This configuration matrix represents the 120-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 120-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element.

${\begin{bmatrix}{\begin{matrix}600&4&6&4\\2&1200&3&3\\5&5&720&2\\20&30&12&120\end{matrix}}\end{bmatrix}}$

Here is the configuration expanded with k-face elements and k-figures. The diagonal element counts are the ratio of the full Coxeter group order, 14400, divided by the order of the subgroup with mirror removal.

H4		k-face	fk	f0	f1	f2	f3	k-fig	Notes
A3		( )	f0	600	4	6	4	{3,3}	H4/A3 = 14400/24 = 600
A1A2		{ }	f1	2	720	3	3	{3}	H4/A2A1 = 14400/6/2 = 1200
H2A1		{5}	f2	5	5	1200	2	{ }	H4/H2A1 = 14400/10/2 = 720
H3		{5,3}	f3	20	30	12	120	( )	H4/H3 = 14400/120 = 120

Visualization

The 120-cell consists of 120 dodecahedral cells. For visualization purposes, it is convenient that the dodecahedron has opposing parallel faces (a trait it shares with the cells of the tesseract and the 24-cell). One can stack dodecahedrons face to face in a straight line bent in the 4th direction into a great circle with a circumference of 10 cells. Starting from this initial ten cell construct there are two common visualizations one can use: a layered stereographic projection, and a structure of intertwining rings.

Layered stereographic projection

The cell locations lend themselves to a hyperspherical description. Pick an arbitrary dodecahedron and label it the "north pole". Twelve great circle meridians (four cells long) radiate out in 3 dimensions, converging at the fifth "south pole" cell. This skeleton accounts for 50 of the 120 cells (2 + 4 × 12).

Starting at the North Pole, we can build up the 120-cell in 9 latitudinal layers, with allusions to terrestrial 2-sphere topography in the table below. With the exception of the poles, the centroids of the cells of each layer lie on a separate 2-sphere, with the equatorial centroids lying on a great 2-sphere. The centroids of the 30 equatorial cells form the vertices of an icosidodecahedron, with the meridians (as described above) passing through the center of each pentagonal face. The cells labeled "interstitial" in the following table do not fall on meridian great circles.

Layer #	Number of Cells	Description	Colatitude	Region
1	1 cell	North Pole	0°	Northern Hemisphere
2	12 cells	First layer of meridional cells / "Arctic Circle"	36°
3	20 cells	Non-meridian / interstitial	60°
4	12 cells	Second layer of meridional cells / "Tropic of Cancer"	72°
5	30 cells	Non-meridian / interstitial	90°	Equator
6	12 cells	Third layer of meridional cells / "Tropic of Capricorn"	108°	Southern Hemisphere
7	20 cells	Non-meridian / interstitial	120°
8	12 cells	Fourth layer of meridional cells / "Antarctic Circle"	144°
9	1 cell	South Pole	180°
Total	120 cells

The cells of layers 2, 4, 6 and 8 are located over the faces of the pole cell. The cells of layers 3 and 7 are located directly over the vertices of the pole cell. The cells of layer 5 are located over the edges of the pole cell.

Intertwining rings

Two intertwining rings of the 120-cell.

Two orthogonal rings in a cell-centered projection

The 120-cell can be partitioned into 12 cell-disjoint 10-cell great circle rings, forming a discrete/quantized Hopf fibration. Starting with one 10-cell ring, one can place another ring alongside it that spirals around the original ring one complete revolution in ten cells. Five such 10-cell rings can be placed adjacent to the original 10-cell ring. Although the outer rings "spiral" around the inner ring (and each other), they actually have no helical torsion. They are all equivalent. The spiraling is a result of the 3-sphere curvature. The inner ring and the five outer rings now form a six ring, 60-cell solid torus. One can continue adding 10-cell rings adjacent to the previous ones, but it's more instructive to construct a second torus, disjoint from the one above, from the remaining 60 cells, that interlocks with the first. The 120-cell, like the 3-sphere, is the union of these two (Clifford) tori. If the center ring of the first torus is a meridian great circle as defined above, the center ring of the second torus is the equatorial great circle that is centered on the meridian circle. Also note that the spiraling shell of 50 cells around a center ring can be either left handed or right handed. It's just a matter of partitioning the cells in the shell differently, i.e. picking another set of disjoint (Clifford parallel) great circles.

Other great circle constructs

There is another great circle path of interest that alternately passes through opposing cell vertices, then along an edge. This path consists of 6 cells and 6 edges: an irregular dodecagon. Both the above great circle paths have dual great circle paths in the 600-cell. The 10 cell face to face path above maps to a 10 vertex path solely traversing along edges in the 600-cell, forming a decagon. The alternating cell/edge path above maps to a path consisting of 12 tetrahedrons alternately meeting face to face then vertex to vertex (six triangular bipyramids) in the 600-cell, traversing along edges in the 24-cell, forming a hexagon. This latter path corresponds to a ring of six icosahedra meeting face to face in the snub 24-cell, or icosahedral pyramids in the 600-cell.

Projections

Orthogonal projections

Orthogonal projections of the 120-cell can be done in 2D by defining two orthonormal basis vectors for a specific view direction. The 30-gonal projection was made in 1963 by B.L.Chilton.

The H3 decagonal projection shows the plane of the van Oss polygon.

Orthographic projections by Coxeter planes

H4	-	F4
[30] (Red=1)	[20] (Red=1)	[12] (Red=1)
H3	A2 / B3 / D4	A3 / B2
[10] (Red=5, orange=10)	[6] (Red=1, orange=3, yellow=6, lime=9, green=12)	[4] (Red=1, orange=2, yellow=4, lime=6, green=8)

3-dimensional orthogonal projections can also be made with three orthonormal basis vectors, and displayed as a 3d model, and then projecting a certain perspective in 3D for a 2d image.

3D orthographic projections

3D isometric projection

Animated 4D rotation

Perspective projections

These projections use perspective projection, from a specific view point in four dimensions, and projecting the model as a 3D shadow. Therefore, faces and cells that look larger are merely closer to the 4D viewpoint. Schlegel diagrams use perspective to show four-dimensional figures, choosing a point above a specific cell, thus making the cell as the envelope of the 3D model, and other cells are smaller seen inside it. Stereographic projection use the same approach, but are shown with curved edges, representing the polytope as a tiling of a 3-sphere.

A comparison of perspective projections from 3D to 2D is shown in analogy.

Comparison with regular dodecahedron

Projection	Dodecahedron	Dodecaplex
Schlegel diagram	12 pentagon faces in the plane	120 dodecahedral cells in 3-space
Stereographic projection		With transparent faces

Perspective projection
	Cell-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from the center to a vertex, with these enhancements applied: Nearest dodecahedron to the 4D viewpoint rendered in yellow The 12 dodecahedra immediately adjoining it rendered in cyan; The remaining dodecahedra rendered in green; Cells facing away from the 4D viewpoint (those lying on the "far side" of the 120-cell) culled to minimize clutter in the final image.
	Vertex-first perspective projection at 5 times the distance from center to a vertex, with these enhancements: Four cells surrounding nearest vertex shown in 4 colors Nearest vertex shown in white (center of image where 4 cells meet) Remaining cells shown in transparent green Cells facing away from 4D viewpoint culled for clarity
	A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a simple rotation.
	A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a simple rotation (from the inside).
	Animated 4D rotation

Related 4-polytopes and honeycombs

H₄ polytopes

The 120-cell is one of 15 regular and uniform polytopes with the same symmetry [3,3,5]:

H4 family polytopes
120-cell	rectified 120-cell	truncated 120-cell	cantellated 120-cell	runcinated 120-cell	cantitruncated 120-cell	runcitruncated 120-cell	omnitruncated 120-cell
{5,3,3}	r{5,3,3}	t{5,3,3}	rr{5,3,3}	t0,3{5,3,3}	tr{5,3,3}	t0,1,3{5,3,3}	t0,1,2,3{5,3,3}
600-cell	rectified 600-cell	truncated 600-cell	cantellated 600-cell	bitruncated 600-cell	cantitruncated 600-cell	runcitruncated 600-cell	omnitruncated 600-cell
{3,3,5}	r{3,3,5}	t{3,3,5}	rr{3,3,5}	2t{3,3,5}	tr{3,3,5}	t0,1,3{3,3,5}	t0,1,2,3{3,3,5}

{p,3,3} polytopes

The 120-cell is similar to three regular 4-polytopes: the 5-cell {3,3,3} and tesseract {4,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the hexagonal tiling honeycomb {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space. All of these have a tetrahedral vertex figure {3,3}:

{p,3,3} polytopes
Space		S3			H3
Form		Finite			Paracompact	Noncompact
Name		{3,3,3}	{4,3,3}	{5,3,3}	{6,3,3}	{7,3,3}	{8,3,3}	...{∞,3,3}
Image
Cells {p,3}		{3,3}	{4,3}	{5,3}	{6,3}	{7,3}	{8,3}	{∞,3}

{5,3,p} polytopes

The 120-cell is a part of a sequence of 4-polytopes and honeycombs with dodecahedral cells:

{5,3,p} polytopes
Space	S3	H3
Form	Finite	Compact		Paracompact	Noncompact
Name	{5,3,3}	{5,3,4}	{5,3,5}	{5,3,6}	{5,3,7}	{5,3,8}	... {5,3,∞}
Image
Vertex figure	{3,3}	{3,4}	{3,5}	{3,6}	{3,7}	{3,8}	{3,∞}

Davis 120-cell

The Davis 120-cell, introduced by Davis (1985), is a compact 4-dimensional hyperbolic manifold obtained by identifying opposite faces of the 120-cell, whose universal cover gives the regular honeycomb {5,3,3,5} of 4-dimensional hyperbolic space.

In popular culture

The video game Deltarune (2018) mentions the hyperdodecahedron on a poster, contrasting with various two-dimensional shapes.

See also

• Uniform 4-polytope family with [5,3,3] symmetry
• 57-cell – an abstract regular 4-polytope constructed from 57 hemi-dodecahedra.
• 600-cell - the dual 4-polytope to the 120-cell

References

• Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover. 
• Coxeter, H.S.M. (1991). Regular Complex Polytopes (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• Coxeter, H.S.M. (1995). Sherk, F. Arthur; McMullen, Peter; Thompson, Anthony C. et al.. eds. Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience Publication. ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Kaleidoscopes%3A+Selected+Writings+of+H+S+M+Coxeter-p-9780471010036. 
  • (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
  • (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
  • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
• Coxeter, H.S.M.; du Val, Patrick; Flather, H.T.; Petrie, J.F. (1938). The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra. 6. University of Toronto Studies (Mathematical Series). 
• Stillwell, John (January 2001). "The Story of the 120-Cell". Notices of the AMS 48 (1): 17-25. https://www.ams.org/notices/200101/fea-stillwell.pdf. 
• J.H. Conway and M.J.T. Guy: Four-Dimensional Archimedean Polytopes, Proceedings of the Colloquium on Convexity at Copenhagen, page 38 und 39, 1965
• N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
• Four-dimensional Archimedean Polytopes (German), Marco Möller, 2004 PhD dissertation [1]
• Davis, Michael W. (1985), "A hyperbolic 4-manifold", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 93 (2): 325–328, doi:10.2307/2044771, ISSN 0002-9939, MR 0770546
• Denney, Tomme; Hooker, Da'Shay; Johnson, De'Janeke; Robinson, Tianna; Butler, Majid; Claiborne, Sandernishe (2020). "The geometry of H4 polytopes". Advances in Geometry 20 (3): 433-444. 
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• Miyazaki, Koji (1990). "Primary Hypergeodesic Polytopes". International Journal of Space Structures 5 (3-4): 309-323. doi:10.1177/026635119000500312. 
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• Mamone, Salvatore; Pileio, Giuseppe; Levitt, Malcolm H. (2010). "Orientational Sampling Schemes Based on Four Dimensional Polytopes". Symmetry 2: 1423-1449. doi:10.3390/sym2031423. 
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• Waegell, Mordecai; Aravind, P.K. (10 Sep 2014). "Parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem based on the 120-cell". arXiv:1309.7530v3 [quant-ph].
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External links

• Olshevsky, George. "Hecatonicosachoron". Glossary for Hyperspace. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
  • Convex uniform polychora based on the hecatonicosachoron (120-cell) and hexacosichoron (600-cell) - Model 32, George Olshevsky.]
• Klitzing, Richard. "4D uniform polytopes (polychora)".
• Der 120-Zeller (120-cell) Marco Möller's Regular polytopes in R⁴ (German)
• 120-cell explorer – A free interactive program that allows you to learn about a number of the 120-cell symmetries. The 120-cell is projected to 3 dimensions and then rendered using OpenGL.
• Construction of the Hyper-Dodecahedron
• YouTube animation of the construction of the 120-cell Gian Marco Todesco.