WikiJournal Preprints/Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair

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Abstract

Background: Excessive sebum production caused by lack of attention to hair health is an important thing for a woman. Dry shampoo can be an alternative to cosmetics in solving this problem, but the ingredients it contains cannot be used every day. Objectives: In this study, we used powdered extracts of aloe vera and lemongrass as key ingredients in the development of a safer and more effective dry shampoo for management of greasy hair. Method: Materials were manually ground using a mortar and pestle until homogeneous, sieved through a 0.075 mm mesh, and any remaining coarse powder reground until the desired consistency was achieved, then stored in 50-gram stainless steel containers for each formula. Several quality control tests, including organoleptic, pH determination, spray distance, homogeneity, and oil absorption tests, were conducted to evaluate the quality of the three prepared formulations Results: The level of oil absorption and protection of the hair shaft is better in Formula III along with increasing levels of lemongrass and aloe vera Conclusion: The developed dry herbal shampoo formulations offer promising solutions for greasy hair, with Formula III demonstrating superior performance in reducing oiliness and providing nourishment compared to Formulas I and II. The innovative propellant-free spray packaging design offers a safer alternative for application, reducing environmental impact and health risks.

Introduction

Image caption text goes here (attribution: name of image creator, CC-BY 3.0)

Individuals engrossed in daily routines or those lacking defined timeframes may inadvertently overlook their personal grooming, leading to prolonged stress. This neglect, compounded by the pressures of modern life, can stimulate cortisol release, consequently amplifying sebum secretion. Elevated cortisol levels, triggered by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stressors, play a pivotal role in exacerbating sebum production.^[1] Moreover, cortisol's influence extends to heightening sebaceous gland activity, further exacerbating the issue of excessive sebum secretion.^[2]

In today's fast-paced professional landscape, career women find themselves engulfed in a whirlwind of activities, leaving little time for personal upkeep. Amidst hectic schedules and demanding responsibilities, the upkeep of hair, a quintessential aspect of personal presentation, often takes a backseat. The allure of well-maintained hair is undeniable, serving as a powerful symbol of confidence and professionalism. However, the reality of balancing career aspirations with personal grooming can be daunting. As such, exploring strategies to streamline hair care routines becomes imperative for career women seeking to exude confidence and competence in their professional endeavors.

Many women find themselves pressed for time to maintain the luster of their locks. Faced with this challenge, they seek out convenient solutions to keep their hair looking fresh and vibrant. Dry shampoo has emerged as a widely embraced hair care solution, offering expedient refreshment and rejuvenation sans the necessity of traditional shampooing rituals. Engineered to absorb surplus oil, grime, and malodor from both scalp and hair, it promises a revitalized appearance characterized by enhanced cleanliness and voluminous texture.^[3]

Experts recommend moderation when using dry shampoo, suggesting that it should not be part of someone's daily routine.^[4] Excessive usage of dry shampoo can engender a plethora of adversities. These include the accumulation of residue on the scalp, leading to follicular congestion and potential irritation from chemical constituents, precipitating allergic reactions.^[3] Moreover, the propensity for dry shampoo to strip away natural oils vital for scalp and hair moisture exacerbates concerns. The incorporation of asbestos fibers and powdered magnesium silicate in some formulations also raises apprehensions regarding respiratory ailments and carcinogenic risks. Given the escalating demand for natural and herbal alternatives in personal care routines, there arises a compelling need for herbal dry shampoo formulations.

The efficacy of aloe vera in addressing the challenges of greasy hair stems from its potent enzyme content, notably lipases. Renowned for its lipid-dissolving properties, aloe vera aids in the breakdown of fats, sebum, and residues lingering on the scalp, thereby mitigating scalp and hair oiliness without compromising hair integrity (Zaid et al., 2017).^[5] Lipases, integral enzymes found within aloe vera, play a pivotal role in this process by catalyzing the breakdown of fats and oils, thereby regulating excessive oil accumulation on both scalp and hair. This inherent attribute of aloe vera not only proves efficacious in managing oily hair but also fosters scalp wellness by curbing greasiness and preserving an optimal oil equilibrium on the scalp (Zaid et al., 2017).^[5]

Extracted from botanical species such as Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus, lemongrass essential oil boasts citral as its primary constituent. Renowned for its potent antimicrobial and antiseptic attributes, citral renders lemongrass oil a formidable ally in combatting scalp irritations while fortifying hair follicles. Furthermore, when combined synergistically with essential oils like rosemary and lavender, lemongrass oil demonstrates remarkable efficacy in addressing hair loss, ameliorating split ends, and nurturing scalp and hair vitality by mitigating greasiness, dandruff, and inflammation instigated by deleterious microorganisms.^[6] The antimicrobial prowess and soothing capabilities inherent to lemongrass oil position it as a prized natural remedy for an array of scalp maladies, thereby fostering hair resilience, radiance, and overall scalp well-being.^[7]

The objective study of this study is an investigation into the potential lipase content in aloe vera combined with citral as an ingredient in lemongrass which can be the main ingredient in herbal-based dry shampoo. This makes the main focus in solving problems regarding the contents of dry shampoo which cannot be used on a daily basis. Apart from that, there are no or very few dry shampoo formulations based on herbal ingredients. With the implementation of this study, dry shampoo with basic ingredients of aloe vera and lemongrass helps develop dry shampoo that is safer and more effective in reducing sebum production in hair, creating eco-friendly products. friendly, and can be used as an alternative in the cosmetics industry.

Materials and Methods

Material Collection

All powdered materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company, USA in Indonesia.

Formulation of Herbal Dry Shampoo

All materials were mixed in different proportions to obtain the formulas listed in Table 1. Formulation development for this study was based on formulations provided by leading commercial manufacturers of dry shampoo, as referenced from reputable sources such as DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland (haircare-formulation-alp-dry-shampoo.pdf (dsm.com)) and J. Rettenmaier & Sohne, Germany (Formulation Dry Shampoo (jrs.eu)), both renowned for their excellence in product development and innovation in the field. The materials were first manually ground using a mortar and pestle until a sufficient level of homogeneity was achieved. The homogenization process was continued by sieving using a filtration mesh with a size of 0.075 mm. Powder that did not pass through the sieve was re-ground using the same method until the desired proportions were obtained. The dry herbal shampoo powder was stored in 50-gram stainless steel containers for each formula.

Table 1. Herbal Dry Shampoo Formulation
Materials	Quantity (%)
Materials	F1	F2	F3
Aloe vera	30	35	40
Lemongrass	20	25	30
Tapioka Starch	10	10	10
Aerosil	5	5	5
Talcum	0,5	0,5	0,5
Magnesium Stearate	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nipagin	0.18	0.18	0.18
Nipasol	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vivapur	Add 100%	Add 100%	Add 100%

Herbal Dry Shampoo Analysis and Evaluation

To evaluate the quality of the three prepared formulations, several quality control tests were conducted. These included visual assessment, physicochemical controls, and conditioning performance tests.

Organoleptic Test

To test the organoleptic properties of the three formulated herbal dry shampoos, visual observations were conducted to assess the product's physical characteristics. The testing involved evaluations of color, aroma, texture, and homogeneity. After application to the hair, the products were evaluated for comfort level and acceptability. The results of the organoleptic observations among the product formulations revealed no significant variations in all parameters. This method provides important insights into the product quality and user comfort.

pH Determination

The pH measurements were performed using a pH meter in triplicate for each formulation, prepared at a concentration of 3.3% (w/v) in distilled water.

Spray Distance Test

The spray distance test was conducted by filling the final formulation mixture into propellant-free specialized packaging, which was then sprayed parallel to a black surface with a ruler positioned perpendicular to the wall. The sprayed particles from the packaging were observed under white light from a spotlight opposite to the direction of spraying. Measurements were performed three times for each formulation.

Homogeneity Test

The homogeneity testing of the prepared formulations was conducted through microscopic observation at a magnification of 100x. Small samples from each formulated product were evenly spread onto microscope slides, ensuring that there was no overlapping of materials in any part. This test holds significant importance in ensuring the consistency of the components within an herbal dry shampoo product, aiming to deliver uniform effectiveness with each application.

Oil Absorption Test

The oil absorption test was conducted in vitro using real hair obtained from volunteers. The collected hair was pre-treated with undiluted Tween 80 oil and then sprayed five times with each formulation. The visual appearance of the hair before and after applying the three formulations of dry herbal shampoo was observed under a microscope at 100x magnification.

Statistical Data Analysis

The research data underwent statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 11.5 (SPSS 11.5) software. The analysis was conducted utilizing an ANOVA single factor. A statistical significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was employed, indicating the threshold for statistical significance. This rigorous statistical analysis approach enhances the robustness and reliability of the study's findings, ensuring that any observed differences or trends are supported by a strong statistical foundation.

Results

Organoleptic Test

Organoleptic testing involves visual observations, including odor, color, texture, and homogeneity. This test is conducted to assess the level of comfort and acceptability of the product after use. The results of the organoleptic observations between the formulated products revealed there is no significant variations in all parameters.

Table 2. Organoleptic Test Result
	FI	FII	FIII
Color	Matcha	Matcha	Matcha
Aroma	Distinct scent like matcha	Distinct scent like matcha	Distinct scent like matcha
Texture	Soft	Soft	Soft
Homogeneity	Heterogeny	Heterogeny	Heterogeny

pH Determination

The pH assessment of dry herbal shampoo for greasy hair is crucial in determining its eligibility for use. In this study, three formulas of dry herbal shampoo were evaluated, with pH values of 5.5933, 5.47, and 5.3333. Formula I, with a pH of 5.5933, was found to be ineligible for the requirement, as it falls outside the ideal pH range for hair care. However, formulations II and III, with pH values of 5.47 and 5.3333, respectively, met the requirements for effective and safe use on greasy hair.

Table 3. pH Determination Result
Formulation	pH	Specification	p-value
FI	5.6 ± 0.02	Not Eligible	0.00001*
FII	5.5 ± 0.01	Eligible
FIII	5.3 ± 0.02	Eligible
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); * Indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA.

Spray Distance Test

The study aimed to evaluate the spray distance test for assessing the performance of dry herbal shampoos for greasy hair. Specifically, the research focused on three formulations (FI, FII, and FIII) to determine if there were any significant differences in the spray distance achieved. The results showed that FI, FII, and FIII had spray distances of 34.7, 34.36, and 34.9, respectively, indicating no significant differences in the spray distance among the formulations. These findings suggest that all three formulations can be effectively applied to the hair, with no issues regarding the reachability of the spray for application. This information is valuable for ensuring that the dry herbal shampoo can be evenly distributed and applied to the hair for optimal oil absorption and cleansing.

Table 4. Spray Distance Result
Formulation	Distance (cm)	Specification	p-value
FI	34.7 ± 2.1	Eligible	0.95361*
FII	34.4 ± 2.4	Eligible
FIII	34.9 ± 1.8	Eligible
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); * Indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA.

Homogeneity Test

This study used a 100x microscopic magnification to evaluate the homogeneity of dry herbal shampoo for oily hair. Three different formulations with different concentrations of powdered aloe vera extract and lemongrass as active components were investigated. Formula I showed a relatively uniform level despite having fewer active components. Formula II demonstrated a moderate level of homogeneity, with a medium number of active components. Curiously, formula III showed a slightly heterogeneous level, although having more active components than formula I and II. All formulations satisfied the homogeneity test requirements in spite of this variance in homogeneity levels.

Table 5. Homogeneity Result
Formulation	Homogeneity Rate	Homogeneity Level	Specification
FI	+++	Highly Homogeneous	Eligible
FII	++	Homogeneous	Eligible
FIII	+	Slightly Heterogeneous	Eligible

Oil Absorption Test

Table 6. Oil Absorption Result
Formulation	Oil Absorption Rate	Oiliness Level	Specification
FI	+	Still Oily	Not Eligible
FII	++	Slightly Oily	Not Eligible
FIII	+++	Not Oily	Eligible

The study aimed to assess the oil absorption efficacy of dry herbal shampoo for greasy hair using an in vitro oily hair model, observed under a microscope at 100x magnification. Three formulations were tested, labeled as FI, FII, and FIII. The results revealed that FI still left the hair oily, although there was a slight decrease in the amount of oil. FII resulted in slightly oily hair, while FIII effectively reduced oiliness, leaving the hair non-oily. These findings suggest that FIII is the most effective in reducing oiliness, followed by FII, with FI showing the least effectiveness. Understanding the oil absorption properties of herbal shampoos is crucial for developing effective products for greasy hair.

Discussion

Formulation of Dry Herbal Shampoo

A dry herbal shampoo was developed by combining specific quantities of ingredients as detailed in Table 1. The key active ingredients, aloe vera and lemongrass, contain phytochemicals that are highly beneficial for improving greasy hair. As the shampoo is intended for spray application, it was essential to ensure good flow properties to enhance spray performance for convenient use on the scalp. Aerosil at 5% was utilized to improve flow characteristics in all formulations. Additionally, tapioca starch was included to absorb excess oil from the scalp and hair, while talcum was used to make the hair smoother and easier to comb. Magnesium stearate acted as an anti-clumping agent, preventing the herbal dry shampoo ingredients from clumping. Vivapur was incorporated to bind sweat and moisture, helping to keep the hair hydrated. Preservatives such as nipagin and nipasol were used due to the natural ingredients. These ingredients not only provide texture to the hair but also help maintain hair volume. The final formula of the prepared shampoo is summarized in Table 1.

Aloe vera is a popular choice for hair care products due to its soothing and moisturizing properties. It contains enzymes that break down fats, helping to remove excess sebum and control greasiness. Rich in antioxidants and vitamins A, B12, C, and E, aloe vera strengthens hair follicles, promotes healthy growth, and nourishes the scalp. Its ability to cleanse efficiently removes oil and residue without stripping moisture. Additionally, its antibacterial properties maintain scalp health without damaging hair, making it a valuable ingredient in dry herbal shampoos for greasy hair.^[8]

Lemongrass, known for its aromatic properties, is rich in phenolic metabolites, terpenoids, alkaloids, and volatile compounds, all with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Its pharmacological action on greasy hair includes reducing sebum production, controlling fungal growth, providing antioxidant protection, and improving scalp health. These properties make lemongrass a valuable ingredient in dry herbal shampoos for managing greasy hair and scalp conditions.^[9]^[10]

Dry Herbal Shampoo Evaluation

The comparative effectiveness of the three formulated herbal dry shampoos was evaluated through a series of physicochemical tests. The results of these tests are discussed in detail below.

Organoleptic Test

The excipient components used in the formulation tend to be white in color, hence the product's color depends on the composition of the active ingredients, namely powdered lemongrass and aloe vera, which impart a green hue. Interestingly, the combination of these two ingredients does not provide a strong, distinctive aroma; the aloe vera is less aromatic, while the characteristic scent of lemongrass gives the combination a scent reminiscent of matcha. Furthermore, the manufacturing process, which involves gradual manual grinding followed by filtration using a Laboratory Standard Test Sieve with a mesh size of 0.075 mm, yields a product with an optimal level of fine texture. Continuous, gradual mixing is performed until a sufficiently homogeneous mixture is achieved, both organoleptically and microscopically, resulting in a powder that appears homogeneous despite the presence of minor aggregates or flocs.

pH Determination

In order to identify whether dry herbal shampoo for greasy hair is within the ideal pH range for hair care, it is crucial to perform a pH assessment. Keeping the pH balance right is essential for having healthy hair and scalp. The cuticle layer is helped to contract by dry herbal shampoos with a slightly acidic pH, ideally <5.5, which reduces frizz and moisture loss.^[11] Dry herbal shampoo's pH should be assessed to make sure it is not too harsh on the hair and scalp, supporting general hair health and averting potential harm from utilizing products that aren't pH-leveled correctly.^[12]

Dry herbal shampoos with an improper pH level can upset the natural pH balance of the scalp and hair, leading to unfavorable outcomes like breakage, dryness, and damage to the hair strands. In people who are prone to seborrheic dermatitis and have oily hair in particular, this imbalance can cause irritation, itching, and inflammation.^[13] Additionally, having hair with an improper pH can make it more difficult to manage and style by increasing frizz and static electricity. The hair cuticle may become rougher, more porous, and more prone to breakage and split ends as a result of shampoos with pH levels that are outside of the ideal range.^[11]

The mildly acidic qualities of aloe vera and lemongrass are well-known for their ability to balance the pH of the scalp, lessen excessive oiliness, and support healthy hair.^[14] The pH of formula III stays within the intended range while having a higher concentration of active components, indicating that the formulation is appropriate for oily hair. A lower concentration of active components could be the reason for Formula I's higher pH, which suggests it might not meet the standards. It may be even more effective for oily hair if the formulation is changed to preserve a slightly acidic pH. Particularly for people with oily hair, Formula III's slightly acidic pH due to increased concentration of active substances can help with better cleansing, conditioning, and general hair health advantages.^[14]

Spray Distance Test

The spray distance test can be used to evaluate the performance of dry herbal shampoo sprays for Normal to Oily Hair. This test can help determine the coverage, distribution, and effectiveness of the shampoo in absorbing excess oil and impurities from the hair and scalp. By measuring the distance at which the shampoo particles are evenly distributed, the test can provide valuable insights into the product's performance and help optimize the formulation for better oil absorption and improved overall effectiveness.^[15]

The risks associated with using propellants in hair care products, including flammability, inhalation hazards, and potential carcinogenicity, highlight the need for safer alternatives.^[16] In this study, we addressed these concerns by developing a dry herbal shampoo with a propellant-free spray application method. Our innovative approach utilizes a special prime packaging design that harnesses the force of ambient air to fill the interior of the package, facilitating the dispensing of the product for hair application. By eliminating the need for propellants, our packaging design not only optimizes the application process but also reduces the risks associated with propellant exposure. This propellant-free spray packaging not only enhances product safety for consumers and hair stylists but also contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. This research underscores our commitment to developing safer and more environmentally friendly hair care products.

Homogeneity Test

An essential component of assessing the quality of herbal dry shampoo formula is the homogeneity test. This test makes that there are no lumps, flocculates, or aggregates in the shampoo's composition and that it is dispersed evenly. A useful understanding of the efficacy and performance of the shampoo can be gained from the homogeneity test findings.^[17]^[18]

All formulations met the homogeneity test requirements despite formula III's heterogeneous level, suggesting that the variance in homogeneity levels may not have a substantial impact on the formulation's efficacy or performance. This implies that the content of the formulation, including the active components' particle size and distribution, as well as the method of manufacture employed to make the dry herbal shampoo, can have an impact on the heterogeneous level seen in formula III.

The presence of aggregates or flocules in formulations II and III, which have medium and greater concentrations of aloe vera extract powder and lemongrass, respectively, as active components, suggests a propensity toward aggregation. The greater concentration of active substances in these formulae may be the cause of this phenomena. Aggregates or flocules are more likely to form when there are more active substances present because of the increased probability of particle interactions. Because they produce concentrated, localized pockets of increased concentration within the formulation, these aggregates may lead to a less homogenous mixture.^[17] To ensure the quality and effectiveness of the product, it is essential to comprehend the factors that affect aggregation in herbal shampoo formulations.

Oil Absorption Test

The study's findings demonstrate the varying effectiveness of the three formulations (FI, FII, and FIII) in absorbing oil from greasy hair. FI, which has the lowest concentration of active ingredients, showed limited effectiveness in reducing oiliness, leaving the hair still oily. FII, with a medium concentration of active ingredients, performed better than FI but only managed to partially reduce oiliness, resulting in slightly oily hair. In contrast, FIII, containing the highest concentration of active ingredients, was the most effective in reducing oiliness, leaving the hair non-oily. Moreover, FIII not only absorbed excess oil but also provided thorough nourishment by coating the entire hair shaft. This is in contrast to FII, which only coated certain hair structures with less-than-optimal absorption. These results highlight the importance of the concentration and composition of active ingredients in dry herbal shampoos for effectively managing greasy hair. Understanding these factors is essential for developing herbal shampoos that not only absorb excess oil but also nourish the hair, providing a holistic solution for greasy hair-related issues. Additionally, the study can guide the development of new formulations by optimizing their concentrations to achieve better oil absorption and improved effectiveness in managing greasy hair.

In the formulations tested (FI, FII, and FIII), starch was included in all three formulas at the same concentration. However, in FI, which contained a lower amount of lemongrass and aloe vera powder extract, the starch alone was not effective in reducing oiliness, as the overall formulation lacked sufficient active ingredients to achieve optimal oil absorption. However, natural starches, such as corn starch and rice starch that are used on the formulation, play a crucial role in enhancing the oil absorption properties of the shampoo, as they bind to the oil and other impurities on the hair and scalp, reducing oiliness and providing a cleaner appearance. Starch functions as a natural absorbent, binding to the oil and other impurities on the hair and scalp, thereby reducing oiliness and providing a cleaner appearance.^[19]^[20] When combined with lemongrass and aloe vera powder extract, which have additional beneficial properties for the hair and scalp, starch enhances the overall effectiveness of the shampoo. This highlights the importance of a balanced formulation, where each ingredient complements the others to achieve the desired results.

Conclusion

The developed dry herbal shampoo formulations, containing aloe vera and lemongrass as key active ingredients, offer promising solutions for managing greasy hair. The inclusion of Aerosil for improved flow, tapioca starch for oil absorption, talcum for hair smoothness, and magnesium stearate for anti-clumping properties enhances the efficacy and user experience of the shampoo. The evaluation of the formulations through various tests highlights their potential in providing effective cleansing, conditioning, and oil absorption properties for greasy hair.

Formula III, with a higher concentration of aloe vera and lemongrass extract powders, demonstrated superior performance in reducing oiliness and providing nourishment to the hair, compared to Formulas I and II. The slightly acidic pH of Formula III, attributed to the increased concentration of active ingredients, further supports its suitability for oily hair, as it helps balance the scalp's pH and maintain hair health.

The innovative propellant-free spray packaging design offers a safer alternative for application, reducing environmental impact and health risks associated with traditional propellant-based sprays.

Overall, the study underscores the importance of formulation composition and concentration in developing effective dry herbal shampoos for greasy hair. Future research could focus on optimizing the formulations for enhanced oil absorption and nourishment, as well as exploring additional natural ingredients for improved hair health benefits.

Additional information

Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude to the Faculty of Military Pharmacy at the Republic of Indonesia Defense University for providing us with exceptional laboratory facilities that were instrumental in the successful completion of this research. The comprehensive resources made available to us were crucial in conducting our experiments and ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our findings. The unwavering support from our academic community, faculty members, and laboratory staff has been invaluable. We also appreciate the guidance, expertise, and encouragement from our mentors and advisors, which significantly contributed to the quality of this study.

Conflict of interests

There is no conflict of interests in this study.

Research Funding

This study did not receive specific grants from funding agencies in the public sector, commercial, or non- profit section.

Data availability statement <TO Delete?>

Not applicable.

Ethics statement <TO Delete?>

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.

Appendix

Homogeneity Test Result
Sample	Microscopic Result (100x)
FI
FII
FIII

pH Test Result
	FI	FII	FIII
Simplo pH	5.59	5.46	5.32
Duplo pH	5.57	5.48	5.36
Triplo pH	5.62	5.47	5.32
Mean	5.5933	5.47	5.3333
SD	0.020548046677	0.01	0.023094010768
CV	0.0044993053845	0.0018281535649	0.0043301270189

Analysis of Variance Results

F-statistic value = 119.99738

P-value = 0.00001

Data Summary
Groups	N	Mean	Std. Dev.	Std. Error
Group 1	3	5.5933	0.0252	0.0145
Group 2	3	5.47	0.01	0.0058
Group 3	3	5.3333	0.0231	0.0133

ANOVA Summary
Source	Degrees of Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Square	F-Stat	P-Value
Source	DF	SS	MS	F-Stat	P-Value
Between Groups	2	0.1015	0.0507	119.9974	0
Within Groups	6	0.0025	0.0004
Total:	8	0.104

Spray Distance Test Result
	FI	FII	FIII
Simplo pH	36.7 cm	32.4 cm	36.7 cm
Duplo pH	32.5 cm	33.6 cm	33.1 cm
Triplo pH	34.9 cm	37.1 cm	34.9 cm
Mean	34.7	34.36	34.9
SD	2.1071307506	2.441993721	1.8
CV	0.060724229123	0.071057043288	0.051575931232

Analysis of Variance Results

F-statistic value = 0.04788

P-value = 0.95361

Data Summary
Groups	N	Mean	Std. Dev.	Std. Error
Group 1	3	34.7	2.1071	1.2166
Group 2	3	34.3667	2.442	1.4099
Group 3	3	34.9	1.8	1.0392

ANOVA Summary
Source	Degrees of Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Square	F-Stat	P-Value
Source	DF	SS	MS	F-Stat	P-Value
Between Groups	2	0.4355	0.2177	0.0479	0.9536
Within Groups	6	27.2865	4.5477
Total:	8	27.722

Oily Hair under Microscopic 100X

Oil Absorption Test Result of Dry Herbal Shampoo under Microscope 100X
FI	FII	FIII

References

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↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Zaid, Abdel Naser; Jaradat, Nidal Amin; Eid, Ahmad Mustafa; Al Zabadi, Hamzeh; Alkaiyat, Abdulsalam; Darwish, Saja Adam (2017-12). "Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank-Palestine". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 (1). doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1858-1. ISSN 1472-6882. PMID 28679382. PMC PMC5499037. http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-017-1858-1.
↑ Kim, Chowon; Park, Jumin; Lee, Hyeyoung; Hwang, Dae-Youn; Park, So Hae; Lee, Heeseob (2022-05-28). "Evaluation of the EtOAc Extract of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) as a Potential Skincare Cosmetic Material for Acne Vulgaris". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32 (5): 594–601. doi:10.4014/jmb.2201.01037. ISSN 1017-7825. PMID 35484970. PMC PMC9628876. http://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4014/jmb.2201.01037.
↑ Goyal, Anju; Sharma, Aditya; Kaur, Jasanpreet; Kumari, Sapna; Garg, Madhukar; Sindhu, Rakesh K.; Rahman, Md. Habibur; Akhtar, Muhammad Furqan et al. (2022-01-27). "Bioactive-Based Cosmeceuticals: An Update on Emerging Trends". Molecules 27 (3): 828. doi:10.3390/molecules27030828. ISSN 1420-3049. PMID 35164093. PMC PMC8837976. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/828.
↑ Hoang, Hien Thi; Moon, Ju-Young; Lee, Young-Chul (2021-11-10). "Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives". Cosmetics 8 (4): 106. doi:10.3390/cosmetics8040106. ISSN 2079-9284. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/8/4/106.
↑ Chaisripipat, Wannee; Lourith, Nattaya; Kanlayavattanakul, Mayuree (2015). "Anti-dandruff Hair Tonic Containing Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Oil". Complementary Medicine Research 22 (4): 226–229. doi:10.1159/000432407. ISSN 2504-2092. https://karger.com/FOK/article/doi/10.1159/000432407.
↑ Kiani, Hafiza Sehrish; Ali, Akhtar; Zahra, Shama; Hassan, Zain Ul; Kubra, Khadija Tul; Azam, Muhammad; Zahid, Hafza Fasiha (2022-11-24). "Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and Impact on Gut Microbiota". AppliedChem 2 (4): 229–246. doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040016. ISSN 2673-9623. https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9623/2/4/16.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Gavazzoni Dias, Maria FernandaReis; de Almeida, AndreiaMunck; Cecato, Patricia; Adriano, AndreRicardo; Pichler, Janine (2014). "The shampoo pH can affect the hair: Myth or Reality?". International Journal of Trichology 6 (3): 95. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139078. ISSN 0974-7753. PMID 25210332. PMC PMC4158629. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0974-7753.139078.
↑ Godeto, Yakob Godebo; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Bachheti, Archana; Saini, Seema; Wabaidur, Saikh M.; Mohammed, Abdallah A. A.; Širić, Ivan; Kumar, Pankaj et al. (2023-01). "Sustainable Use of Extracts of Some Plants Growing in Ethiopia for the Formulation of Herbal Shampoo and Its Antimicrobial Evaluation". Sustainability 15 (4): 3189. doi:10.3390/su15043189. ISSN 2071-1050. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3189.
↑ Vineetha, K.; Vindhya, V.S.; Vishranth, M.B.; Yashasvi; Shyam, Surender Sain; Shabaraya, A R (n.d.). "Herbal Shampoo: Benefits, Preparation and Evaluation". Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition 17 (9): 646-660. https://www.xisdxjxsu.asia/V17I9-52.pdf.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 -, Prajwal Ramdas Bhujbal; -, Vishal Pandit Kopnar; -, Kalyanee Vijay Gavande; -, Amol Navnath Khedkar; -, Pratik Ramdas Khandagale (2023-11-12). "A Review on Herbal Shampoo and Its Evaluation". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5 (6). doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.8673. ISSN 2582-2160. https://www.ijfmr.com/research-paper.php?id=8673.
↑ Hoessel, Peter; Riemann, Solveig; Knebl, Robert; Schroeder, Jens; Schuh, Gerd; Castillo, Catalina (2010). "Assessment of styling performance in hair gels and hair sprays by means of a new two-point stiffness test". Journal of Cosmetic Science 61 (5): 343–352. ISSN 1525-7886. PMID 20939974. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20939974/.
↑ Infante, Peter F.; Petty, Stephen E.; Groth, David H.; Markowitz, Gerald; Rosner, David (2009-01). "Vinyl Chloride Propellant in Hair Spray and Angiosarcoma of the Liver among Hairdressers and Barbers: Case Reports". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 15 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1179/107735209799449699. ISSN 1077-3525. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/107735209799449699.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Shinde, Shivshankar Jaganath; G., Kute C.; Udapurkar, Prachi (June 2023). "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum". International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 11 (6): A575-A582. ISSN 2320-2882. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2306064.pdf.
↑ Vakhariya, Rohan R.; Oza, Srushti A.; Bhingardeve, Chaitanya S.; Patil, Smita J.; Mujawar, Sofiya F.; Mohite, S. K. (October 2022). "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum: A Classical Approach to Enhance Hair Quality". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 76 (2): 100-103. doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v76i02.017. ISSN 0976-044X. https://globalresearchonline.net/ijpsrr/v76-2/17.pdf.
↑ Azadbakht, Mohammad; Monadi, Taha; Esmaeili, Zahra; Chabra, Aroona; Tavakoli, Naser (2018). "Formulation and evaluation of licorice shampoo in comparison with commercial shampoo". Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences 10 (4): 208. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_243_17. ISSN 0975-7406. PMID 30568378. PMC PMC6266641. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_243_17.
↑ Demir, Ecem; Acaralı, Nil (2023-03-07). "Comparison on Quality Performance of Human Hair Types with Herbal Oils (Grape Seed/Safflower Seed/Rosehip) by Analysis Techniques". ACS Omega 8 (9): 8293–8302. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c06550. ISSN 2470-1343. PMID 36910971. PMC PMC9996578. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c06550.

[3] Zari, Shadi; Alrahmani, Dana (2017-12). "The association between stress and acne among female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Volume 10: 503–506. doi:10.2147/ccid.s148499. ISSN 1178-7015. PMID 29255370. PMC PMC5722010. https://www.dovepress.com/the-association-between-stress-and-acne-among-female-medical-students--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID.

[4] Borzyszkowska, Dominika; Niedzielska, Mirela; Kozłowski, Mateusz; Brodowska, Agnieszka; Przepiera, Adam; Malczyk-Matysiak, Kinga; Cymbaluk-Płoska, Aneta; Sowińska-Przepiera, Elżbieta (2022-12-16). "Evaluation of Hormonal Factors in Acne Vulgaris and the Course of Acne Vulgaris Treatment with Contraceptive-Based Therapies in Young Adult Women". Cells 11 (24): 4078. doi:10.3390/cells11244078. ISSN 2073-4409. PMID 36552842. PMC PMC9777314. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/24/4078.

[:1-5] 3.0 ^3.1 Sang, Sze-Huey; Akowuah, Gabriel Akyirem; Liew, Kai Bin; Lee, Siew-Keah; Keng, Jing-Wen; Lee, Sue-Kei; Yon, Jessica-Ai-Lyn; Tan, Ching Siang et al. (2023-11). "Natural alternatives from your garden for hair care: Revisiting the benefits of tropical herbs". Heliyon 9 (11): e21876. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21876. PMID 38034771. PMC PMC10685248. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844023090849.

[6] Gavazzoni Dias, Maria FernandaReis (2015). "Hair cosmetics: An overview". International Journal of Trichology 7 (1): 2. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.153450. ISSN 0974-7753. PMID 25878443. PMC PMC4387693. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0974-7753.153450.

[:2-7] 5.0 ^5.1 Zaid, Abdel Naser; Jaradat, Nidal Amin; Eid, Ahmad Mustafa; Al Zabadi, Hamzeh; Alkaiyat, Abdulsalam; Darwish, Saja Adam (2017-12). "Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank-Palestine". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 (1). doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1858-1. ISSN 1472-6882. PMID 28679382. PMC PMC5499037. http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-017-1858-1.

[8] Kim, Chowon; Park, Jumin; Lee, Hyeyoung; Hwang, Dae-Youn; Park, So Hae; Lee, Heeseob (2022-05-28). "Evaluation of the EtOAc Extract of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) as a Potential Skincare Cosmetic Material for Acne Vulgaris". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32 (5): 594–601. doi:10.4014/jmb.2201.01037. ISSN 1017-7825. PMID 35484970. PMC PMC9628876. http://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4014/jmb.2201.01037.

[9] Goyal, Anju; Sharma, Aditya; Kaur, Jasanpreet; Kumari, Sapna; Garg, Madhukar; Sindhu, Rakesh K.; Rahman, Md. Habibur; Akhtar, Muhammad Furqan et al. (2022-01-27). "Bioactive-Based Cosmeceuticals: An Update on Emerging Trends". Molecules 27 (3): 828. doi:10.3390/molecules27030828. ISSN 1420-3049. PMID 35164093. PMC PMC8837976. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/828.

[10] Hoang, Hien Thi; Moon, Ju-Young; Lee, Young-Chul (2021-11-10). "Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives". Cosmetics 8 (4): 106. doi:10.3390/cosmetics8040106. ISSN 2079-9284. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/8/4/106.

[11] Chaisripipat, Wannee; Lourith, Nattaya; Kanlayavattanakul, Mayuree (2015). "Anti-dandruff Hair Tonic Containing Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Oil". Complementary Medicine Research 22 (4): 226–229. doi:10.1159/000432407. ISSN 2504-2092. https://karger.com/FOK/article/doi/10.1159/000432407.

[12] Kiani, Hafiza Sehrish; Ali, Akhtar; Zahra, Shama; Hassan, Zain Ul; Kubra, Khadija Tul; Azam, Muhammad; Zahid, Hafza Fasiha (2022-11-24). "Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and Impact on Gut Microbiota". AppliedChem 2 (4): 229–246. doi:10.3390/appliedchem2040016. ISSN 2673-9623. https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9623/2/4/16.

[:3-13] 11.0 ^11.1 Gavazzoni Dias, Maria FernandaReis; de Almeida, AndreiaMunck; Cecato, Patricia; Adriano, AndreRicardo; Pichler, Janine (2014). "The shampoo pH can affect the hair: Myth or Reality?". International Journal of Trichology 6 (3): 95. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139078. ISSN 0974-7753. PMID 25210332. PMC PMC4158629. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0974-7753.139078.

[14] Godeto, Yakob Godebo; Bachheti, Rakesh Kumar; Bachheti, Archana; Saini, Seema; Wabaidur, Saikh M.; Mohammed, Abdallah A. A.; Širić, Ivan; Kumar, Pankaj et al. (2023-01). "Sustainable Use of Extracts of Some Plants Growing in Ethiopia for the Formulation of Herbal Shampoo and Its Antimicrobial Evaluation". Sustainability 15 (4): 3189. doi:10.3390/su15043189. ISSN 2071-1050. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3189.

[15] Vineetha, K.; Vindhya, V.S.; Vishranth, M.B.; Yashasvi; Shyam, Surender Sain; Shabaraya, A R (n.d.). "Herbal Shampoo: Benefits, Preparation and Evaluation". Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition 17 (9): 646-660. https://www.xisdxjxsu.asia/V17I9-52.pdf.

[:4-16] 14.0 ^14.1 -, Prajwal Ramdas Bhujbal; -, Vishal Pandit Kopnar; -, Kalyanee Vijay Gavande; -, Amol Navnath Khedkar; -, Pratik Ramdas Khandagale (2023-11-12). "A Review on Herbal Shampoo and Its Evaluation". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5 (6). doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.8673. ISSN 2582-2160. https://www.ijfmr.com/research-paper.php?id=8673.

[17] Hoessel, Peter; Riemann, Solveig; Knebl, Robert; Schroeder, Jens; Schuh, Gerd; Castillo, Catalina (2010). "Assessment of styling performance in hair gels and hair sprays by means of a new two-point stiffness test". Journal of Cosmetic Science 61 (5): 343–352. ISSN 1525-7886. PMID 20939974. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20939974/.

[18] Infante, Peter F.; Petty, Stephen E.; Groth, David H.; Markowitz, Gerald; Rosner, David (2009-01). "Vinyl Chloride Propellant in Hair Spray and Angiosarcoma of the Liver among Hairdressers and Barbers: Case Reports". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 15 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1179/107735209799449699. ISSN 1077-3525. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/107735209799449699.

[:0-19] 17.0 ^17.1 Shinde, Shivshankar Jaganath; G., Kute C.; Udapurkar, Prachi (June 2023). "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum". International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 11 (6): A575-A582. ISSN 2320-2882. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2306064.pdf.

[20] Vakhariya, Rohan R.; Oza, Srushti A.; Bhingardeve, Chaitanya S.; Patil, Smita J.; Mujawar, Sofiya F.; Mohite, S. K. (October 2022). "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum: A Classical Approach to Enhance Hair Quality". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 76 (2): 100-103. doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v76i02.017. ISSN 0976-044X. https://globalresearchonline.net/ijpsrr/v76-2/17.pdf.

[21] Azadbakht, Mohammad; Monadi, Taha; Esmaeili, Zahra; Chabra, Aroona; Tavakoli, Naser (2018). "Formulation and evaluation of licorice shampoo in comparison with commercial shampoo". Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences 10 (4): 208. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_243_17. ISSN 0975-7406. PMID 30568378. PMC PMC6266641. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_243_17.

[22] Demir, Ecem; Acaralı, Nil (2023-03-07). "Comparison on Quality Performance of Human Hair Types with Herbal Oils (Grape Seed/Safflower Seed/Rosehip) by Analysis Techniques". ACS Omega 8 (9): 8293–8302. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c06550. ISSN 2470-1343. PMID 36910971. PMC PMC9996578. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c06550.

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