Observation of positrons from a terrestrial gamma ray flash is performed by the Fermi gamma ray telescope. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

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## Quiz

1 True or False, ε0 is the electric constant.

 TRUE FALSE

2 The equation for the ion current is likely to include which of the following?

 the mass of the electron the number of electrons e to the grain capacitance factor the dust grain radius a 4πr factor

3 True or False, In the equation for the Larmor radius the charge of the particle is directly proportional to the magnetic field.

 TRUE FALSE

4 Over the last few years, the cold dark

 cosmogony has become a model for the formation of structure.

5 Mathematics phenomena associated with radiation astronomy are

 orbital theory flux of annihilation gamma rays the Rydberg formula pressure the local Jeans length Planck's equation

6 True or False, When solving an equation for a numerical value arrange the coefficients together, the exponentials together, and the dimensions together, to reduce each as needed.

 TRUE FALSE

7 Complete the text:

 By setting the first partial of Planck's equation in wavelength form equal to zero, iterative may be used to find pairs of (λ,T) that to some significant digits represent the peak for a given temperature and vice versa.

8 Complete the text:

 Match up the type of mathematics with each of the possibilities below: numbers - A dimensional analysis - B arithmetic - C algebra - D exponentials - E probability - F x2 + y2 = z2 . PeV . ${\displaystyle \phi }$  α 1/σ . ex + ey . A(x) = A0 · e-bx 1015 .

9 True or False, log10(100000) = 6.

 TRUE FALSE

10 Complete the text:

 Match up the radiation mathematics symbol with the radiation phenomena: thermal neutron capture rate - A change in particle diameter - B power law - C Planck constant - D Boltzmann constant - E electrostatic force - F Jeans length - G ${\displaystyle h}$  . ${\displaystyle \lambda _{J}}$  . ${\displaystyle \varphi _{n}}$  . ${\displaystyle F_{q}}$  . ${\displaystyle ax^{k}}$  . ${\displaystyle k_{B}}$ ${\displaystyle C_{D}}$  .

11 True or False, dex(x) = ex.

 TRUE FALSE

12 Which of the following is radiation mathematics?

 the planet Mercury n0 → p+ + e− + νe the solar wind Cepheus X-1 nucleosynthesis near the surface of the Sun lightning on Jupiter

13 True or False, Gamma radiation which exceeds the neutron binding energy of a nucleus can eject a neutron.

 TRUE FALSE

14 Complete the text:

 Match up a likely locational notation with each of the possibilities below: atomic number - A atomic weight - B average hat - C exponent - D index - E pre-coefficient - F operation - G range - H variable - I

15 True or False, e5 x e3 = e8.

 TRUE FALSE

16 Chemistry phenomena associated with metallicity are

 blue main sequence stars [H] log10(NFe/NH)star ln(NFe/NH)star approximately 1.8 percent of M⊙ [Fe/H]

17 Yes or No, For preliminary calculations, neglecting all fields components higher than quadrupolar, an inhomogenic Hill differential equation can be used as an approximation.

 Yes No

18 Chemistry phenomena associated with olivines are

 substituting values for y from 0 to 1 produce ideal compositions forsterite Mg2SiO4 atmospheres fayalite Fe2SiO4 silicates plastic

19 Mathematical phenomena associated with an exponential decrease are

 a positive exponent a negative absorption coefficient the number of atoms per cm3 the initial absorption of a monolayer the absorption cross section in cm2 thinness of material

20 Statistical phenomena associated with the Gaussian function are

 √ π x ε R the mean ()2 standard deviation

## Hypotheses

1. Much of the mathematics used to describe models in original reseaarch/radiation astronomy was developed in physics.