EuroHiT/Enemy
< EuroHiT
Definition of the Concept: Words for 'enemy', as the opposite of 'friend', are in several cases neg. cpds. of those for 'friend'; or are cognate with words for 'hate', parallel to 'friend' from 'loving'. Some are derived from words for 'against' and so had originally the milder sense of 'opponent, adversary'. Another semantic source is 'alien' or 'exile, outcast' (Buck).
Catalan edit
History of Forms edit
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Croatian edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | neprijatelj | ... | ... | cf. ChSl. neprijateljĭ, etc., general Slavic (Russ. neprijatel`, mostly 'enemy' in war); neg. cpds. of ChSl. prijateljĭ, etc. 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | dušmanin | ... | ... | fr. Turk. düşman, this fr. nPers. dušman | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Czech edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nepřítel | ... | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Danish edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | fjende | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | uven | ... | general | neg. cpd. of ON vinr; Dan. ven 'friend' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Dutch edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | vijand | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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English edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | enemy | since ME enemi | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | foe | since OE fēond, gefā, ME fend, fo | ... | general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Estonian edit
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Finnish edit
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French edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | ennemi | since OF | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
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Frisian edit
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German edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | feind | since OHG fīant, MHG vī(e)nt | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Hungarian edit
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Irish edit
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| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | namhaid | since Ir. nāme | general | prob.: Alb. nëmë 'curse'; Goth. niman 'take' | Buck |
| 2 | Ir. escara, ecra | only Ir. | only Ir. | cpd. of *eks- and care 'friend' | Buck |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Italian edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nimico | ... | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Ladin edit
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Latvian edit
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Lithuanian edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | priešas | ... | general; lit. 'opponent, adversary', but now the preferred word for 'enemy' | deriv. of prieš 'against' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Maltese edit
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Norwegian edit
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Occitan edit
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Polish edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | nieprzyjaciel | ... | general | ... | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Portuguese edit
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Rumantsch edit
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Slovak edit
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Slovenian edit
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| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
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Spanish edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | enemigo | ... | general | fr. OFr. enemi < Lat. inimīcus, neg. cpd. of amīcus 'friend' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Swedish edit
History of Forms edit
| No. | Variants of Lexical Type | Chronological Data | Distribution | Origin | Sources |
| 1 | fiende | ... | general | Goth. fijands, OE fēond, etc. general Gmc, orig. pples. of Got. fijan, OE fēon 'hate' | Buck |
| 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
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Information on Other Languages edit
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Related Concepts edit
(Cf. also the guidelines for the EuroHiT Project.)